PSYCH 105 - Final

• Personality


  Individual's unique characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, feeling
• Psychoanalysis


  Therapy for psychological disorders, A personality theory
• Components of Freud's Theory

  • Central role of sexual instinct
  • Infantile sexuality
  • Role of unconscious in moving and shaping our thoughts and behaviour
• Three levels of awareness


  • Conscious
  • Preconscious
  • Unconscious
• Conscious


  Thoughts, feelings, sensations, memories we are aware of
• Preconscious


  Thoughts, feelings, memories we are not consciously aware of, May be brought to consciousness
• Unconscious


  Considered by Freud as primary motivating force of behaviour, Contains repressed memories, instincts, wishes, desires, Never been allowed into consciousness
• ID


  • Present at birth, Inherited, primitive, inaccessible, unconscious, Contains life and death instincts, Operates on pleasure principle, Source of libido
• Pleasure Principle


  Drive to seek pleasure, avoid pain, gain immediate gratification of wishes
• Libido


  Psychic, sexual energy, Comes from id, provides energy for entire personality
• Ego


  Logical, rational, realistic, mostly conscious part of personality, Operates according to reality principle, Considers constraints of real world to determine appropriate times, places, objects to gratify id's wishes
• Superego


  Formed at five or six years old, Moral component of personality, Conscience = punished behaviours and guilt, Ego ideal = rewarded behaviours, pride and satisfaction
• Defence Mechanisms


  • Repression
  • Projection
  • Denial
  • Rationalization
  • Regression
  • Reaction Formation
  • Displacement
  • Sublimation
• Repression


  Can remove painful or threatening memories, thoughts, ideas, perceptions from consciousness; keep in the unconscious, Can prevent unconscious but disturbing impulses from consciousness, Can cause psychological disorders
• Projection


  Attributing our own undesirable thoughts, impulses, personality traits, or behaviours to others
• Denial


  Refusing to consciously acknowledge existence of danger or threatening condition
• Rationalization


  Supplying logical, rational, socially acceptable reason instead of real reason for action or event
• Regression


  Reverting to behaviour that might have reduced anxiety at earlier stage of development
• Reaction Formation


  Express exaggerated ideas, emotions that are opposite of disturbing ones
• Displacement


  Substitute less threatening object or person for original object of impulse
• Sublimation


  Rechannelling sexual or aggressive energy into something socially acceptable, Freud viewed sublimation as only completely healthy ego defence mechanism, Freud considered all advances in civilization as result of sublimation
• Psychosexual Stages


  • Oral Stage
  • Anal Stage
  • Phallic Stage
  • Latency Period
  • Genital Stage
• Oral Stage


  Birth to 12 or 18 months, Mouth is primary source of pleasure, Weaning versus oral fixation, Difficulties can result in excessive dependence, optimism, gullibility, pessimism, sarcasm, hostility, aggression
• Anal Stage


  12 or 18 months to 3 years; toilet training, Anal expulsive personality = sloppy, irresponsible, rebellious, hostile, destructive, Anal retentive personalities = stingy, stubborn, rigid, excessively neat, clean, orderly, precise
• Phallic Stage


  Ages three to five or six, Pleasure through genitals, Oedipus and Electra Complexes = child is attracted to and identifies with opposite-sex parent; hostility towards same-sex parent
• Latency Period


  Age five or six to puberty, Relative calm; sex instinct repressed; sublimated in school, play, hobbies, sports
• Genital Stage


  Attainment of full adult sexuality from puberty on
• Personality formed by age five, six, Two primary influences: traits from fixations; relative strengths of id, ego, superego, Psychologically healthy people have id, ego, superego balance
• Personal Unconscious


  All experiences, thoughts, perceptions accessible to conscious, Also repressed memories, wishes, impulses
• Collective Unconscious


  Most inaccessible layer of unconscious, Universal experiences, Archetypes = Inherited responses to universal human situations
• Inferiority complex


  Inferiority feelings prevent personal development
• Tyranny of the should


  Unrealistic demands for personal perfection
• Trait


  Stable and consistent personal characteristic, Describes or explains personality
• Common Traits


  Traits we share or hold in common
• Individual Traits


  Cardinal = person known for strong trait, Central = would mention in writing letter of recommendation, Secondary = less obvious or consistent
• Surface Traits


  Observable qualities
• Source Traits


  Make up most basic personality structure and cause behaviour
• Psychoticism


  Individual's link to reality
• Extraverts


  Sociable, outgoing, active
• Introverts


  Withdrawn, quiet, introspective