MICRO PERSPECTIVE_<midterm>

• Transportation sector


  Rapid development and application of technological innovations enabling tourists to reach many destinations
• Transportation and travel evolution

  1. Pre-Industrial Travel System Era

  2. Early-Industrial Travel System Era

  3. Mature-Railway System Era

  4. Express-Travel System Era

  5. Automobile-Based Travel System Era

  6. Modern-Tourism Travel System Era

  7. Post-Mobility Adjustment Era
• Selection of transportation mode


  • Depends on mode of transport and frequency of use
  • Can turn into separate tourist attraction elements
• Automobile transportation


  • Private cars
  • Vans
  • Buses
• Recreation


  Activity of visiting a place to participate in relaxing or diverting activities from normal routines
• Leisure


  Productive, creative, or contemplative use of free time
• Views of recreation and leisure


  • Public agencies providing parks, playgrounds, etc.
  • Senior centers, sheltered workshops, treatment centers
  • Environmentalists concerned about impact on natural surroundings
• Recreational participation


  • Travel and tourism
  • Cultural entertainment
  • Participation in arts
  • Hobbies
  • Membership in social clubs
• Types of attractions


  • Natural attractions
  • Purpose built attractions
  • Heritage attractions
  • Recreation attractions
  • Commercial attractions
  • Industrial attractions
• Challenges faced by recreation and leisure service field


  • Serve diverse society
  • Emphasize social purposes
  • Achieve public understanding
  • Upgrade programs and facilities
  • Adopt benefits-based management
  • Promote as health-related field
  • Develop environmental partnerships
  • Expand family-centered programs
  • Promote higher values in youth sports
  • Mainstream persons with disabilities
  • Plan for role in job-scarce economy
  • Develop higher professionalism
  • Unify separate recreation and leisure service fields
• Gaming entertainment


  Subset of gaming industry, refers to casino gaming business and all its aspects
• Games and facilities found inside the casino


  • Table games
  • Card games
  • Slot machines/video games
  • Keno and bingo
  • Race and sports books
  • Casino cage
  • Surveillance
  • Ancillary departments
• Reasons for visiting casinos

  • Lure of gambling
  • Recreation and entertainment
  • Social
  • Economic
  • Curiosity
  • Amenity offerings
• MICE


  Acronym that stands for meetings, incentives, conventions, and exhibitions
• MICE makes up a big part of global business travel since every industry has regular events of some kind
• The main goal of MICE is to bring professionals together, foster connections, promote new ideas, and push growth
• Traditionally, MICE encompasses mostly business events. Leisure events like concerts or festivals fall into a different category
• Many organizers now add leisure elements to larger events to better engage attendees and create a more memorable experience
• Four pillars of MICE

  • Meetings
  • Incentives
  • Conventions
  • Exhibitions
• Meetings


  • Usually single-day events held in hotel conference rooms or at convention centers
  • Can vary in size from only a small group of senior executives to larger gatherings
  • Purpose is to bring together people from one company, industry, or project to address challenges, discuss plans, and set goals
  • Catering is often kept simple, and there is rarely an entertainment program
• Forms of meetings


  • Clinic
  • Forum
  • Seminar
  • Symposium
  • Workshop
  • Conference
  • Colloquium
  • Panel
  • Lecture
• Incentives


  • Travel rewards a company offers to individual staff, teams, or partners
  • Goal is to thank people for their great performance, boost morale, or increase employee loyalty
  • Can take different forms depending on the company organizing them
• Conventions


  • Larger meetings that include some form of exposition or trade shows
  • Several associations have one or more conventions per year and raise a large part of the association's budget
  • Typical convention format includes welcome registration, introduction of association president, president's welcome speech, keynote address, exposition booths, workshops/presentations, luncheon, vendor's private receptions, and dinner
• Exhibitions


  • Also referred to as trade shows
  • Usually massive events that draw thousands of visitors and exhibitors worldwide
  • Can last anywhere from several days to a week
  • Industry-specific and have a well-defined target market
  • Exhibitors go to present and promote their products or service, drive business, and liaise with existing and potential partners
  • Industry professionals go to network, find clients or jobs, and discover new ways to solve problems
• Activities at exhibitions


  • Networking events
  • Awards
  • New business pitches
• Key players in the MICE industry

  • Meeting planners
  • Convention and Visitors Bureau (CVB)
• Meeting planners


  • Responsible for pre-meeting activities, on-site activities, and post-meeting activities
• Convention and Visitors Bureau (CVB)


  • Non-profit organization that represents an urban area and tries to solicit business from pleasure-seeking visitors
  • Responsibilities include encouraging the visitor industry group to hold events, assisting meeting planners and event organizers, encouraging tourists to participate in local activities, and developing and promoting the image of the community
• Types of special events

  • Corporate events
  • Meetings, conventions, and expositions
  • Public events
  • Retail events
  • Social or private events
• MICE tourism


  • Facilitates access to new technology
  • Attracts high-spending visitors
  • Provides a high yield and returns per capita
  • Enhances international economic contact
  • Creates a more economic multiplier effect and competitiveness
  • Can enhance off-peak tourism
  • Can contribute to community building, urban renewal, and the growth of the national identity
  • Can encourage development in a destination
• Emerging trends in MICE industry include changes in communication systems, specifically the internet and its diverse application, and the changing character of nations into a global community
• Travel trade


  People and companies that resell travel products they have bought and/or reserved from other parties
• Elements of the travel trade sector

  • Travel agents
  • Tour operators
  • Wholesalers
  • Tour guides and couriers
  • Short break operators
  • Group travel organizers
  • Hotel booking agencies
  • Conference and incentive organizers
• The travel trade can help open up new markets, attract more visitors to a destination and encourage them to spend more time exploring what is offered
• While consumers are increasingly organizing and planning their trips directly, the travel trade remains effective in reaching larger numbers of potential travelers in many markets, particularly if they are long-haul
• Client profiling


  The process of segmenting clients into different clusters based on common traits and characteristics
• The process of client profiling


  1. Identify the best customers

  2. Survey customers

  3. Extract data from online channels

  4. Create a client profile template

  5. Update regularly
• Travel motivation


  The satisfaction-forming factor in tourists
• Types of travel motivation factors


  • Internal factors
  • External factors
• Internal factors of motivation

  Intrinsic motivation that drives tourists to seek intangible rewards such as fun, assurance, and other emotional needs