Society and Culture

• Coercive organizations


  Have involuntary membership, people join as a form of punishment (prisons) or treatment (psychiatric hospitals)
• Coercive organizations


  • Have special physical features, such as locked doors and barred windows and are supervised by security personnel
  • Isolate people as "inmates" or "patients" for a period of time, seeking to change radically attitudes and behavior
  • Have a great role in transforming human being's overall sense of self
• From differing vantage points, any particular organization may fall into all of these categories (coercive, utilitarian, normative)
• Soc Sci Reviewer midterm
• Society and culture (University of Southern Mindanao)
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• Science


  Way of learning about the world through disciplined inquiry (combines systematic theory & observation explaining how things work)
• Theory

  System of ideas/ statements held as an explanation of a group of facts/ phenomena
• Types of science


  • Natural science
  • Social science
• Natural science


  • Study phenomena & objects in nature & provide information on non-human & physical aspects of natural world
  • Body of knowledge that tends to study natural world
  • Hard Science
• Social science


  • Study of society, social relations, human behavior
  • Use methods and tools (natural science) to study social behavior & phenomena
  • Encounter problems (ethical) in studying subjects (not experienced by natural scientists)
  • Describe & explain relationship of people within society
  • Soft Science
• Disciplines of social science

  • Economics
  • Political science
  • Social science
  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Anthropology
• Similarities between natural and social science

  • Uses Scientific method
  • Natural science- use different experiments to prove/ validate hypothesis; quantitative
  • Social science- unpredictable; result have difficulties to accuracy of findings (lot of factors to vary on people's behavior; qualitative
• Types of science


  • Pure Science
  • Applied Science
• Pure Science


  • Pursuit of knowledge & truth & development of theory; discover truth
  • Understand/ gain knowledge of discipline of sociology
  • Derives pleasure in advancing knowledge
• Applied Science


  • Use of scientific knowledge & theory for solution of practical problems
  • Find solution into social problems by using theoretical knowledge
• History of Anthropology goes back to period of discoveries & explorations (15-18th century). Sources of facts are Western explorers, missionaries, soldiers (regarding behavior, beliefs, appearance of people). Discoveries of tools & artifacts in France & parts of Europe in early 19th century gave evidence of existence of human beings
• Anthropology- Greek word Anthropos (tao) + logos (salita); salita ng tao; aghamtao (study of humans & how they behave). Has 4 branches of anthropology
• Branches of Anthropology


  • Biological anthropology
  • Language Anthropology
  • Archeological Anthropology
  • Cultural Anthropology
• 19th century, Anthropology began to take shape as a separate field of study.
• Edward Taylor- 1st prof of Anthropology in Oxford, England.
• Franz Boas- 1st prof of Anthropology in US of Clark University, Massachusetts.
• In Philippines, there's close tradition of close cooperation between sociology & social anthropology.
• 1914- Anthropology was elevated to academic discipline in UP by Otley Beyer (offered as one of courses in dept of history; it was merged with sociology in 1921).
• 1896-Was introduced by Fr. Valentin Marin as a subject @ UST, & was initiated in UP in 1911 by Pres. Murray Bartlett and A. E. W. Salt.
• 1952- Philippine Sociological Society was organized which marked milestone in development of Philippine sociology (established Philippine Sociological Review; has contributors, sociologists, and anthropologists).
• 1960- Research Foundation of Philippine Anthropology & Archaeology was established (impetus to research).
• 1968- Philippine Social Science Council (PSSC) was formed (consolidate Philippine social science researches).
• Anthropological Association of the Philippines (UGAT-Ugnayan pang Agham-Tao) was established in 1978. The organization publishes its own journal, Agham Tao. The individual and inter-organizational cooperation between sociology and anthropology is still maintained.
• 20th century- anthropology is connected to social science
• Sociology is the youngest social science that emerged in the mid-19th century when European observers use scientific methods to test ideas.
• Social class changes during Industrial Revolution

  • Wealthy elite (upper class)
  • Industrial middle class (middle class)
  • Working class (lower class)
• American and French Revolutions encouraged people to rethink social life. New ideas arose (conviction of individuals possess inalienable rights).
• Navigation Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Act were some of the acts that caused conflict between the people and the government.
• Estates in France had an inverted pyramid structure - Top of the triangle (27 mil normal people), middle (Nobility), bottom (Clergy).
• Imperialism stimulated development of sociology. Europeans had been successful in conquering parts of world. Their new colonial empires (stretching Asia through North America, exposed them to different cultures). Startled by contrasting ways of life, they began to ask why cultures differed.
• Just as time when people were questioning fundamental aspects of their social worlds, the scientific method—using objective, systematic observations to test theories—was being tried out in chemistry and physics.
• Pioneers of Sociology


  • Auguste Comte (Positivism)
  • Harriet Martineau (Political Economy)
  • Karl Marx (Social Conflict)
  • Herbert Spencer (Capitalism)
  • George Simmel (Micro-level theories)
  • Emile Durkheim (Social Facts)
  • George Herbert Mead (Social self)
  • Max Weber (Verstehen, Antipositivism)
  • C. Wright Mills (Sociological Imagination)