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• Nervous system


  Involved in nearly everything we do - from how we see, to how we walk and talk
• Divisions of the nervous system

  • Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
  • Peripheral nervous system (somatic and autonomic nervous systems)
• Divisions of the nervous system

  • Afferent division (brings sensory information into the central nervous system)
  • Efferent division (brings motor information from the central nervous system to the periphery)
• Afferent division


  • Includes visual receptors, auditory receptors, chemoreceptors, and somatosensory or touch receptors
• Efferent division


  • Triggers movement through the somatic nervous system and activity of the internal organs through the autonomic nervous system
• Neurons


  Main cells of the nervous system, composed of a cell body, dendrites, and axons
• Glial cells


  Other cells of the nervous system that support and protect neurons
• Cerebrum


  • Outermost area is the grey matter or cerebral cortex, innermost area is the white matter
• Lobes of the cerebral cortex

  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
• Frontal lobe


  Controls movement and executive function
• Parietal lobe


  Processes sensory information and guides movements in 3D space
• Temporal lobe


  Plays a role in hearing, smell, memory, and visual recognition of faces and languages
• Occipital lobe


  Primarily responsible for vision
• White matter


  • Contains deeper structures like the internal capsule and basal ganglia
• Internal capsule


  Highway that allows information to flow through neurons going to and from the cerebral cortex
• Basal ganglia


  • Pallidum
  • Striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
• Spinal cord


  Extends down from the brainstem, information travels up through afferent/sensory fibers and down through efferent/motor fibers
• Meninges


  • Three protective layers covering the brain and spinal cord (pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater)
• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)


  Clear, watery liquid that cushions and bathes the brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system


  • Consists of nerves (enclosed bundles of axons) connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body
• Cranial nerves


  • 12 pairs that exit the skull and innervate the head and neck
• Spinal nerves


  • 31 pairs that exit the spinal cord and innervate the rest of the body
• Spinal nerve regions


  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
• Autonomic nervous system


  Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, controls smooth muscles and glands
• Autonomic nervous system signaling

  1. Hypothalamic neurons send signals to spinal cord nuclei where they synapse with preganglionic neurons

  2. Preganglionic neuron axons exit spinal cord to reach ganglia and synapse with postganglionic neurons

  3. Postganglionic neuron axons exit ganglia to reach target organs and synapse with organ cells
• Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

  Have opposite effects on the body