General bio

• Nucleus – the control center of the cell.
• Progerias – a rare progressive genetic disorder that causes children to age rapidly.
• NUCLEOLUS - Site for rRNA
• NUCLEAR PORES - allows Exit and entrance of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm. it means transportation
• CHROMATIN - Uncondensed form of DNA
• Histones – proteins that help to find material
• 2 types of Chromatin:

  Euchromatin – loose

  Heterochromatin – tight and closer to the inner layer of nuclear enveloped
• PROCESS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:

  REPLICATION – duplicates the DNA

  TRANSCRIPTION – extraction of mRNA

  TRANSLATION – undergo protein synthesis
• rRNA – ribosomal RNA

  mRNA – messenger RNA

  tRNA – transfer RNA
• FILAMENT – thread-like structure
• TRANSCRIPTION – creating copies of the human body’s instructions
• ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

  1.       ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

  2.       SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

  3.       GOLGI BODY / GOLGI APPARATUS
• GOLGI BODY / GOLGI APPARATUS

  -          Packaging counter of the cell

  -          It modifies

  -          It delivers

   
• SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - Responsible for lipids synthesis such as phospholipids and cholesterol. Responsible for the metabolism of carbohydrates. Store and release calcium ions for nervous and muscular systems
• ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - Protein synthesis
• MITOCHONDRIA - Have a double-membrane structure. Signaling between cells and death cells. ATP production occurs through oxidative phosphorylation
• MITOCHONDRIA - Involves metabolic pathways including citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle. Undergo process like fusion, fission, and movement within cells
• STRUCTURES OF MITOCHONDRIA

  1.       OUTER MEMBRANE – the outer portion that hosts the enzymes

  2.       INTERMEMBRANE SPACE – area between the outer and inner membrane

  3.       INTERMEMBRANE – holds the proteins and it is where most ATP is created

  4.       CRISTAE – folds the inner membrane and increases the surface area of the membrane

  5.       MATRIX – the space within the inner membrane that contains hundreds of enzymes

  6.       RIBOSOME – site of protein synthesis

  7.       DNA – carries genetic information
• CYTOPLASM - Semi-fluid substance in the cell that comprises water, enzymes, salts, and various organelles. Location of Cellular Organelles
• Cytosol - consists of water, ions, various organic molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates
• PLASMA MEMBRANE - also called CELL MEMBRANE. found in all cells that separate the interior cell from the outside environment. Provides protection in cell

   
• PLASMA MEMBRANE - Transport nutrients into the cell and Transport toxic substances out of the cell
• PLASMA MEMBRANE - Composed of phospholipids bilayer structure with embedded proteins

   
• LYSOSOMES - Membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes and Break down excess cell parts
• LYSOSOMES - Destroys the invading viruses and bacteria. Found in eukaryotic animal cells and responsible for breaking down cellular debris

   
• RIBOSOMES were Discovered by GEORGE E. PALADE in 1955
• RIBOSOMES - Responsible for protein synthesis
• RIBOSOMES - Found in both prokaryotic cells (no nucleus) and eukaryotic cells (with nucleus)
• RIBOSOMES - Translation of genetic code. Site of protein assembly Cellular protein production and Cellular growth and maintenance
• FREE RIBOSOMES – located in the cytosol

  FIXED RIBOSOMES – attached to the rER
• Ribosomes in:

  PROKARYOTIC called 70S

  EUKARYOTIC called 80S
• DIFFUSION - is the process of movement of molecules under a concentration gradient.
• DIFFUSION - the molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration until it becomes equal. liquid and gases undergo this.
• 2 types of Diffusion

  ·         SIMPLE DIFFUSION - movements of particles from high to low concentration without a protein.

  ·         FACILITATED DIFFUSION - movements of particles from high to low concentration using a protein.
• 2 types of Concentration

  ·         HIGH CONCENTRATION

  ·         LOW CONCENTRATION
• 3 factors that affect the rate of diffusion

  ·         CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

  ·         TEMPERATURE

  ·         SURFACE AREA
• OSMOSIS - is the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration.
• OSMOSIS - the process of a solvent diffusing through a semi-permeable from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
• ISOTONIC - amount of water transported into the cell equal to the amount of water transported out from the cell.

  Ex. Saline Solution - for patients experiencing dehydration
• HYPOTONIC

  -       the cells inflate and eventually burst

  -       water is transported into the cell

  -       solute concentration inside the cell is higher

  Ex. Wrinkling of skin in the bath