CHEMlec2 M1: Intro to Biochemistry

• explores the characteristics, composition, and transformations of matter, including its structure, properties, compositions, reactions, and the laws and energies governing these transformations?"
• Physical chemisrry studies of physics, matter, and energy of chemicals at an atomic and

  molecular level
• Organic chemistry studies the structure, synthesis, and properties of organic compounds (contains carbon)
• Inorganic chemistry studies the structure, synthesis, and properties of inorganic compounds
• Analytical chemistry utilizes different methods, instruments, and techniques to study and quantify different matter
• Biochemistry studies chemical reactions and processes in living things/organisms
• Biochemistry "What area of study focuses on the chemical substances present in living organisms, their interactions, and seek to describe the structure, organization, and functions of living matter in molecular terms?"
• Biological Molecules also called “Biomolecules” or “Biochemical substances” and this is an organic molecules found in biological system
• Carbohydrates large biomolecules that provide

  the main source of energy

  • Monomer:
  • sugars or monosaccharides
  • General formula: (CH2O)n
  • Where n is the number o+
  • carbon atoms present in a molecule
• Glucose = 6 C atoms

  General Formula: (CH2O)6 or C6H12O6
• Lipids - “FATS”

  • non-polar molecules that are insoluble in water
  • hydrophobic or “water-fearing” biomolecules
  • Monomer:
  • Fatty acids and glycerol -
  • - mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen
• Proteins

  • large complex molecules that has diverse range and functions in the body
  • Monomer:
  • Amino acids = (NH2) + (-COOH) There are at least 20 amino acids known
  • composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen compounds

  (CHON)
• Nucleic acids

  • biomolecules that carries the genetic blueprint of a cell
  • carries information for the functioning of the cell
  • Monomer: Nucleotides
  • Types:

  1. DNA

  2. RNA
• Cells

  • lowest level of structure capable of performing all the activities of life
  • first cells were observed by Robert Hooke in 1665 from slice of cork
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek – first to observe microorganisms
• Matthias Schleiden was first to describe plant cells under the microscope
• Theodor Schwann was first to describe animal cells under the microscope
• Rudolf Virchow Father of Modern Pathology
• Eukaryote

  • “True nucleus”
  • Contains organelles which are specialized little organs inside the cells with a specific function
  • Eukaryota (plants, animals, parasites, fungi)
• Prokaryote

  • Single-celled (unicellular) organism
  • Lacks nucleus, instead contains nucleoid
  • Bacteria, archaea
• Circular is Prokaryote DNA shape
• No definite Nucleus in Prokaryote
• Present in Cell membrane or plasma membrane and ribosomes of Prokaryote
• None in Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum of prokaryote
• Binary fission and Haploid (single chromosomes) in reproduction of prokaryote
• Small ( ~ 1 to 5) size of prokaryote
• Linear is the DNA shape of eukaryote
• present in nucleus of eukaryote
• Present in Cell membrane and ribosomes of eukaryote
• Present in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryote
• Mitosis and Meiosis and Diplod (paired chromosomes or more) in reproduction of eukaryotes
• Larger (~ 10 –100) size of eukaryote
• Organelles subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body
• cell wall

  • structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane
  • provides and maintains the shape of the cell
  • serve as a protective barrier
• Cell membrane AKA Plasma membrane and regulates the entry and exit point of cell
• Cytoplasm the gelatinous fluid that is present between the cell walls and nucleus
• Nucleus Control center of the cell” and membrane bound organelle that

  contains the cell’s genetic material DNA
• Mitochondria

  • “powerhouse of the cell”
  • double membrane bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells
  • stores energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
• Ribosomes

  • smallest organelle found in all types of cells
  • contains proteins and amino acids important for protein synthesis
• Vacuoles organelle that stores enzymes and toxic metabolic waste
• Lysosomes

  • “Suicide bag of the cell” and Contains digestive enzymes that breaks down large molecules, worn-out cells, old cell parts
  • site of intracellular digestion
  • site of hydrolases (enzyme)