trends m3 theories

• Everett Lee’s Push-Pull Theory (1966)

  • Factors associated with the Area of Origin
  • Factors associated with the Area of Destination
  • Intervening Obstacles
  • Personal Factors
• There are many factors which motivate people to leave their place of origin to outside area. They are push factors like insufficient jobs, few opportunities, inadequate conditions, desertification, famine or drought, political fear or persecution, slavery or forced labor, poor medical care, loss of wealth, natural disasters, death threats, poor housing, poor chances of marrying, war, etc.

  Factors associated with the Area of Origin
• There are very attractive forces in the area of destination to which the

  proportion of “selectivity” migrants is high. According to Lee, such forces are found in metropolitan areas of a country. Pull factors are present in such areas. The following pull factors are job opportunities, better living conditions, the feeling of having more political and/or religious freedom, education, better medical care, attractive climates, security, family links, industry, and better chances of marrying.

  Factors associated with the Area of Destination
• There are like distance and transportation which

  increase the migrant selectivity of the area of destination. These obstacles have been lessened in modern times with technological advances. Lee also refers to the cost of movements, ethnic barriers and personal factors as intervening obstacles.

  Intervening Obstacles
• its the decision to migrate from the place of origin to the place of destination depends. In fact, it is an individual’s perception of the ‘pull and push forces’ which influence actual migration. He categorizes these forces into “pluses” and “minuses” respectively. In other words, pluses are pulled factors and minuses are push factors. In between, them are “zeros” which balance the competing forces.

  Personal Factors
• Otis Duncan’s Theory

  • Economic and Technical Causes
  • Social Causes
  • Personal Causes
  • Natural Causes
  • Other causes
• They relate to the changes occurring in the technique of production, in

  methods and structure of agricultural operations, market structure, price situation, specialization, production and in relative changes in the wage level.

  Economic and Technical Causes
• these are the development of institutional structure, policies regarding public and production, development of transport and communication system, population growth, increase in knowledge and its expansion, class conflicts and competition disarrangement resulting in social degradation and structure of administration, changing needs of maintenance of family etc.

  Social Causes
• Personal causes incorporate unsatisfied needs, increase in the intelligence of persons and expanding the horizon of knowledge, health, emotions of alienation, views regarding neighbors, imagination power, nature, emotions etc.

  Personal Causes
• The natural causes relate to environment and atmosphere, frequent

  recurrence of diseases, floods, earthquake, droughts, malaria, hookworm, seasonal changes, land erosions etc.

  Natural Causes
• According to this theory, the size and level of migration are determined by the relation of production of society, nature of wealth, land ownership system and factors controlling the growth of forces of production in a society.

  Standing Guy’s Theory of Materialism
• In his book “The Theory and Consequences of Mobility Farm Population,”

  Duncan presented a theory regarding the mobility of population engaged in agriculture.

  Otis Duncan’s Theory
• He divided the factors that determine the decision to migrate and the process of migration into four (4) categories

  Everett Lee’s Push-Pull Theory