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• Development


  •The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span

  
  

  •Involves growth, although it also includes decline brought on by aging and dying.
• Human development


  •This is the broader term that encompasses the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes that happen throughout a person's life.

  
  

  •It can refer to specific developmental stages (e.g., infancy, adolescence) or the entire lifespan.

  
  

  •Understanding it is important in various fields like education, healthcare, and social work. It helps professionals support people at different stages of life.
• Human development


  •Scientific study of processes of change & stability throughout the human life span.

  
  

  •It is a broad term that encompasses the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes that occur throughout a person's entire life.

  
  

  •This includes everything from prenatal development (before birth) to late adulthood.

  
  

  •It looks at how we grow, learn, and interact with the world around us.
• Lifespan development


  •Concept of human development as a lifelong process, which can be studied scientifically.

  
  

  •It is a specific field within human development that focuses on the patterns and processes of change that occur throughout the lifespan.

  
  

  •It emphasizes the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors that influence development across all stages of life.
• Lifespan development


  •This is a subfield of human development that specifically studies the patterns and processes of change across a person's entire lifespan.

  
  

  •It emphasizes the continuity and change throughout life, looking at how early experiences can influence later development.

  
  

  •It helps us understand how people grow and adapt at every stage of life, promoting well-being across the lifespan.
• Describe, explain, predict, and change behavior


  Goals of human development
• The goal of explaining human development


  •to uncover the underlying mechanisms and processes that drive growth and change.

  
  

  •identifying biological, psychological, and social factors that influence development and understanding how they interact and shape individuals' trajectories.
• The goal of predicting human development


  •to anticipate the outcomes and trajectories of individuals based on their early experiences, characteristics, and environments.

  
  

  •involves identifying risk and protective factors that can influence development and using this information to forecast potential developmental pathways.
• The goal of intervening/changing in human development


  •to promote positive outcomes and mitigate negative ones by implementing strategies and programs aimed at supporting individuals' growth and well-being.

  
  

  •involves designing and implementing interventions at various levels, including individual, family, community, and societal levels.
• Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development


  Domains of development
• Physical development


  Growth of body and brain, including patterns of change in sensory capacities, motor skills, and health.
• Cognitive development


  Pattern of change in mental abilities, such as learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and

  creativity.
• Psychosocial development


  Pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social relationships.
• Erikson's eight-stage theory


  The socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego, or self.
• Social construction


  •A concept or practice that may appear natural and obvious to those who accept it but that in reality is an invention of a particular culture or society

  
  

  •refers to the idea that aspects of reality are shaped by social processes, rather than being inherent or natural

  
  

  •It suggests that various concepts, beliefs, and phenomena are created, negotiated, and maintained through interactions within a society or social group.

  
  

  •These constructions are often influenced by cultural norms, historical contexts, language, power dynamics, and individual perceptions.
• Heredity and environment


  2 factors that influence development
• Maturation


  Many typical changes during childhood are related to this biological process
• Age


  Factor that tends to increase individual differences
• Individual differences


  •Differences in characteristics, influences, or developmental outcomes.

  
  

  •refer to variations in the trajectory and outcomes of development among individuals. These differences can manifest in various aspects, including cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development.
• Heredity


  Inborn traits or characteristics inherited from the biological parents.
• Environment


  Totality of nonhereditary, or experiential, influences on development.
• Maturation


  •Unfolding of a natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes.

  
  

  •refers to the biological process through which an organism undergoes natural, predetermined changes in its physical and behavioral characteristics over time

  
  

  •It involves the unfolding of a genetically programmed sequence of developmental milestones and stages that are typical for a species.
• Contexts of development


  •Humans develop within various social and historical contexts. Infants primarily grow within families, influenced by broader factors like neighborhood, community, and society.

  
  

  •Families come in diverse forms, including single, childless, unmarried, gay and lesbian, and mixed-race households, reflecting the evolving societal landscape (Krogstad, 2014).
• Nuclear family


  •refers to a family unit consisting of two parents (usually a heterosexual couple) and their children, living together in the same household.

  
  

  •This family structure is often seen as the traditional or ideal family arrangement in many societies.

  
  

  •Two-generational kinship, economic, and household unit consisting of one or two parents and their biological children, adopted children, or stepchildren.
• Extended family


  •refers to a family structure that includes not only parents and children but also other relatives such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.

  
  

  •In this arrangement, multiple generations often live together or in close proximity and provide mutual support, childcare, and economic cooperation.

  
  

  •Multigenerational kinship network of parents, children, & other relatives, sometimes living together in an extended- family household.
• Polygamy


  •is a marital system in which an individual is married to multiple spouses simultaneously.

  
  

  •Family structure in which one spouse, most commonly a man, is married to more than one partner.
• Polygyny


  one husband with multiple wives
• Polyandry


  one wife with multiple husbands
• Group marriage


  multiple husbands and wives forming a marital unit
• Socioeconomic status (SES)


  •is determined by family income, education, and occupations.

  
  

  •It influences developmental processes through living conditions, access to resources like nutrition, healthcare, and schooling.

  
  

  •For example, it affects developmental processes and outcomes indirectly through the kinds of homes and neighborhoods people live in and the quality of nutrition, medical care, and schooling available to them.
• Risk factors


  •conditions or characteristics that increase the likelihood of experiencing negative developmental outcomes or adverse effects on well-being.

  
  

  •These factors can encompass various aspects of an individual's life, environment, or circumstances and may interact with each other to compound their impact.

  
  

  •Identifying and understanding these factors is crucial for assessing vulnerability and implementing interventions to mitigate their effects
• Culture


  •A society's or group's total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, language, and physical products— all learned behavior, passed on from parents to children.

  
  

  •Additionally, it shapes identities, aspirations, and perceptions of self and others

  
  

  •Recognizing the interplay between this and development is vital for fostering positive outcomes and addressing diverse individual and community needs.
• Individualistic culture


  •A culture in which people tend to prioritize personal goals ahead of collective goals and to view themselves as distinct individuals.

  
  

  •emphasizes personal goals and self-expression over collective interests.

  
  

  •In such cultures, individuals are encouraged to prioritize their own needs and achievements and to view themselves as distinct entities.
• Collectivistic culture


  •A culture in which people tend to prioritize collaborative social goals ahead of individual goals and to view themselves in the context of their social relationships.

  
  

  •They value harmony, cooperation, and loyalty to the group, fostering a strong sense of interconnectedness and mutual support among members.
• Ethnicity


  It refers to the cultural heritage, traditions, customs, and practices shared by a particular group of people.
• Race


  It typically refers to physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, and facial features, often used to categorize people into different racial groups.
• Ethnic group


  •A group united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origins, which contribute to a sense of shared identity.

  
  

  •Members of this group typically perceive themselves and are perceived by others as belonging to the same cultural community, distinguished from other groups by their cultural practices & shared history.
• Intersectionality


  •An analytic framework focused on how a person's multiple identities combine to create differences in privilege or discrimination.

  
  

  •It is a concept that highlights how various social identities, such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and others, intersect and interact to shape individuals' experiences of privilege, disadvantage, and discrimination.
• Black Lives Matter


  A political and social movement focused on eliminating racially based violence against Black people through nonviolent protest and activism.
• Black, indigenous, and people of color


  BIPOC