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• ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS. MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE.
• Core Values


  • HONOR
  • PATRIOTISM
  • DUTY
• HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT 1305th Community Defense Center, NCRRCDG, RESCOM, PA Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City
• MILITARY HISTORY & EVOLUTION Cadets' Handouts
• AY 2023-2024
• Scope of Presentation


  • MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
  • WORLD WAR I ARMIES
  • WORLD WAR II ARMIES
  • CONTEMPOTARY ARMIES
• Military of ancient Rome


  Key element in the rise of Rome over "above seven hundred years" from a small settlement to the capital of an empire governing a wide region around the Mediterranean
• Titus Flavius Josephus: 'The Roman people were "born readily armed"'
• Roman military


  • Effective military used to defend against the Etruscans, the Italics, the Greeks, the Gauls, the maritime empire of Carthage, and the Macedonian kingdoms
  • Became less Roman, with border protection and territorial administration taken by foreign mercenaries officered by Romans
  • Fell when divided into warring factions, unable to keep out invading armies
• The military's campaign history stretched over 1300 years and saw Roman armies campaigning as far east as Parthia, as far south as Africa and Aegyptus, and as far north as Britannia
• At its territorial height, the Roman Empire may have contained between 45 million and 120 million people
• Recruitment


  Initially, Rome's military consisted of an annual citizen levy performing military service as part of their duty to the state
• Roman military culture


  • Just like the Marines, but much nastier
  • Did not provide much social mobility, and it also took quite some time to complete one's service
• Roman military capability


  • Primarily based upon the maintenance of an active fighting force acting either at or beyond its military frontiers
  • Readily adopted types of arms and armor that were effectively used against them by their enemies
• The crusades of the 11th to 15th century CE have become one of the defining events of the Middle Ages in both Europe and the Middle East
• Impact of the Crusades


  • Increased presence of Christians in the Levant during the Middle Ages
  • Development of military orders
  • Polarization of the East and West based on religious differences
  • Increased role and prestige of the popes and the Catholic Church in secular affairs
  • Souring of relations between the West and the Byzantine Empire leading to its destruction
  • Increase in the power of the royal houses of Europe
  • Stronger collective cultural identity in Europe
  • Increase in xenophobia and intolerance between Christians and Muslims, and between Christians and Jews, heretics and pagans
  • Increase in international trade and exchange of ideas and technology
  • Increase in the power of such Italian states as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa
  • Appropriation of many Christian relics to Europe
  • Use of a religious historical precedent to justify colonialism, warfare and terrorism
• The immediate geopolitical results of the crusades was the recapture of Jerusalem on 15 July 1099 CE, but to ensure the Holy City stayed in Christian hands it was necessary that various western settlements were established in the Levant
• The success of the First Crusade and the image that popes directed the affairs of the whole Christian world helped the Papacy gain supremacy over the Hohenstaufen emperors
• The Catholic Church had also created a new fast-track entry into heaven with the promise that crusaders would enjoy an immediate remission of their sins - military service and penance were intermixed so that crusading became an act of devotion
• The situation culminated in the shocking sacking of Constantinople on 1204 CE during the Fourth Crusade, which also saw the appropriation of art and religious relics by European powers. The Empire became so debilitated it could offer little resistance to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE
• The crusades cast a very long shadow indeed, with works of art, literature and even wars endlessly recalling the imagery, ideals, successes and disasters of the holy wars into the 21st century CE
• The Napoleonic Wars were wars which were fought during the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte over France. They started after the French Revolution ended and Napoleon Bonaparte became powerful in France in November 1799. War began between the United Kingdom and France in 1803.
• 1805-1812: Napoleonic Conquest of Europe


  1. Napoleon crowned Emperor of the French

  2. Third Coalition started, Austrian Emperor declared war on Napoleon

  3. Napoleon crowned King of Italy
• 1812: Invasion of Russia/The War of 1812


  1. Napoleon staged a French invasion of Russia

  2. Napoleon was first checked in his conquest of Europe at the Battle of Borodino
• 1813-1814: Battle of Leipzig and First Restoration


  The Allies defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig and captured Paris in 1814
• 1815: Battle of Waterloo and Hundred Days


  1. Napoleon was exiled to Elba

  2. Napoleon escaped back to Paris and forced Louis XVIII off the throne, beginning Hundred Days
• Sun Tzu


  Chinese general, military strategist, writer and philosopher who lived in the Eastern Zhou period of ancient China, traditionally credited as the author of The Art of War
• American Civil War, also called War Between the States, four-year war (1861–65) between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America
• Allies (Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria) defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig and captured Paris


  1814
• Battle of Waterloo and Hundred Days


  1815
• Napoleon was later exiled to Elba and was nearly assassinated. But then he and 200 other men escaped back to Paris and forced Louis XVIII off the throne, beginning Hundred Days
• Sun Tzu


  Chinese general, military strategist, writer and philosopher who lived in the Eastern Zhou period of ancient China. Traditionally credited as the author of The Art of War, an influential work of military strategy that has affected both Western and East Asian philosophy and military thinking
• The Land War (the war in 1861)


  McClellan, in command of Federal forces in southern Ohio, advanced on his own initiative in the early summer of 1861 into western Virginia with about 20,000 men
• The year marked a major turning point in the war, especially the war in the East, as Lee took command of the Confederate army, which he promptly renamed the Army of Northern Virginia

  1862
• ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS. MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE. HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY.
• Triumph of the North in the Civil War

  • Superior naval forces, numbers, and industrial and financial resources
  • Statesmanship of Lincoln, who by 1864 had become a masterful political and war leader
  • Pervading valour of Federal soldiers
  • Increasing skill of their officers
• About 1,556,000 soldiers served in the Federal armies, and about 800,000 men probably served in the Confederate forces, though spotty records make it impossible to know for sure. The enormous death rate—roughly 2 percent of the 1860 population of the U.S. died in the war—had an enormous impact on American society
• World War I began after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and lasted until 1918


  1914
• On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and the tenuous peace between Europe's great powers quickly collapsed
• First Battle of the Marne, where French and British forces confronted the invading Germany army, which had by then penetrated deep into northeastern France, within 30 miles of Paris


  September 6-9, 1914