ENGLISH

• A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named and that name is a noun.
• Kinds of nouns


  • Proper nouns
  • Common nouns
• Proper noun


  Names a particular person, place, or thing. The first letter must be capitalized.
• Common noun


  Does not denote anybody, anyplace or anything in particular. Refers to anyone belonging to a class of persons, place, and things. The first letter is not capitalized, except when at the beginning of a sentence.
• Other kinds of nouns

  • Collective nouns
  • Abstract nouns
• Collective noun


  Refers to a collectivity or a group of persons, animals, or things that are counted or deemed as one. Singular when thinking of it as a group, plural when thinking of the individuals.
• Abstract noun


  Denotes an intangible idea. Names a condition or a concept. Anything that names a quality.
• Examples of collective nouns

  • audience
  • crowd
  • group
  • kind
  • team
  • band
  • dozen
  • heap
  • lot
  • number
  • class
  • family
  • herd
  • staff
  • committee
  • flock
  • jury
  • public
• Examples of abstract nouns

  • contentment
  • loyalty
  • friendship
  • brotherhood
• Noun cases


  • Nominative
  • Possessive
  • Objective
• Nominative case


  Nouns used as: subject, predicate nominative/subjective complement, address, nominative in apposition, nominative of exclamation
• Uses of nouns in the nominative case

  • Subject
  • Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement
  • Address
  • Nominative in Apposition
  • Nominative of Exclamation
• Possessive case


  Indicates ownership, possession or connection to another word in the sentence
• Uses of nouns in the objective case

  • Direct Object
  • Object of a Preposition
  • Objective in Apposition
  • Indirect Object
  • Adverbial Object
  • Retained Object
  • Objective Complement
  • Cognate Object
• Verbs


  • ach
  • do
  • lend
  • refuse
  • tell
  • forbid
  • offer
  • remit
  • wish
  • forgive
  • owe
  • sell
  • write
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• Direct object


  The pronoun here is used as a direct object of the verb loves
• Indirect object


  The pronoun here is used as an indirect object of the verb promised
• Object of a preposition


  The pronoun here is used as an object of the preposition from
• Pronouns used after than and as

  • Should be of the same case as the word with which it is compared
• Interrogative pronoun who


  Used when the sentence requires a pronoun in the nominative case
• Interrogative pronoun whom


  Used when the sentence requires a pronoun to be in the objective case
• Relative pronoun who


  • Used when the pronoun is the subject of a verb
• Relative pronoun whom


  • Used when the pronoun is the object of a verb or a preposition
• Pronoun agreement


  • Must agree with its antecedent in person, number, and gender
• Distributive and indefinite pronouns


  • Pronouns referring to them must be singular
• Indefinite pronouns like all, both, few, many, several, and some


  • Pronouns used after should also be plural
• Intensive compound personal pronouns


  Agree with their antecedents in person, number, and gender
• Reflexive compound personal pronouns


  Agree with their antecedents in person, number, and gender
• Negation


  Use anything to express a negation, use nothing only if the sentence does not contain a negative already
• Descriptive adjectives


  Describe or modify nouns or pronouns
• Proper adjectives


  Formed from a proper noun
• Common adjectives


  Express the ordinary qualities of a noun or pronoun