Proteins

• Proteins - large biomolecules and are involved in various bodily functions including catalysis, protection, movement, transport, and regulation.
• Amino acids - building blocks of protein
• Amino acids are organic compounds composed of amino group and a carboxyl group.
• Essential - not produced by the body
• Non essential - produced by the body
• We have to eat protein-rich foods to obtain essential amino acids.
• The interactions between the functional groups of the protein chain result to the higher-level structure.
• Each primary structure is a section of the quatenary structure.
• Fibrous proteins - insoulble in water and and are main components of the body
• Examples of fibrous proteins are collagen, actin and keratin
• globular proteins - soluble in water and are used for the other non-structural purposes of proteins
• examples of globular proteins are albumin, hemoglobin, and immunoglobuline
• a typical cells containsabout 9000 proteins
• Structure - protein comprise our skin, bones, hair, and nails
• Collagen and keratin are the main structural component in animals and the two most important structural proteins.
• insulin is a protein
• Insulin help cells absorb glucose from from the blood and prevents the body from using fat as a source of energy.
• Transport - dyring cellular respiration, it carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells, where it is used. then hemoglobin, carries the resulting carbon dioxide to the lungs for expulsion outside the body.
• Hemoglobin is an example of transport protein.
• storage - some proteins store materials in the same way that starch and glycogen store energy.
• casein in milk stores nutrients for newborn mammals.
• ovalbumin in eggs for birds.
• Ferritin a blood cell protein in the liver stores iron
• catalysis - enzymes are proteins that speed up all of the reactions that take place in organisms.
• substrates - act specifically with only one reactant to produce substances
• fibrinogen - a protein that facilitates blood clotting
• movement - myosin and actin are involved in muscle contraction and relaxation.
• Regulation - it dictates the time protein synthesization should occur
• amino acids both contain an amino group and a carboxyl group
• only 20 called alpha-amino acids, make up the proteins.
• in alpha amino acids, the amino group is linked to a crabon atom next to the carboxyl group.
• protein is the only cyclic amino acid
• R stands for the distinctive side chain linked to the alpha carbon.
• proteins may be seen as having four levels of structure.
• primary structure proteins refers to the arrangement or order of amino acids in the protein chain.
• when two amino acids combine through a condensation reaction, a dipeptide is produced.
• the condensation reaction eliminates water and forms a covalent bond, a peptide bond.
• the peptide refers to two or more amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds.
• polypeptides - peptide that have more than 10 amino acids
• polypeptides which are produced as more amino acid monomer units are added to the peptide via multiple condensation reactions.