LESSON 2

• Asexual - offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
• Fission (binary fission) - prokaryotic microorganisms split into two separate organisms.
• Budding - results from the outgrowth of a part of a cell or body region leading to a separation from the original organism into two individual organisms.
• Fragmentation - breaking the body into two parts with subsequent regeneration.
• Parthenogenesis - an egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized. The resulting offspring can either be a haploid or diploid, depending on the process and the species. 
• Sexual - combination of haploid reproductive cells from two individuals to form a unique diploid offspring.
• Hermaphroditism - one animal has both male and female parts. This may occur individually or with others, resulting in two offspring. 
• Organisms that are female first are called “protogyny”
• male first are called “protandry.”
• External Fertilization - occurs outside the female body. This may be triggered by water temperature or length of daylight in aquatic creatures.
• Internal Fertilization - occurs inside the female body. Most often found in land-based animals or in some aquatic animals. 
• fill in the blanks

  A) Oviparity

  B) Ovoviparity

  C) Viviparity

  
• INTERNAL:

  • Testes - produces sperm and male hormones. Supports from too much heat or cold. 
  • Seminal Vesicles - contributes to semen production. 
  • Prostate gland - contributes to semen production
  • Bulbous urethral glands - cleans urethra at ejaculation. This releases all semen, otherwise the male reproductive system may become inflamed, causing “prostatitis” which is what causes prostate cancer.
• EXTERNAL:

  • Scrotum - sac like structure, the skin. Carries and supports the testes.
  • Penis - delivers urine. Used in copulation. 
• INTERNAL

  • Clitoris - sensory
  • Mons pubis - fatty area overlying the pubic bone
  • Labia Majora - covers labia minora
  • Labia Minora - covers the vestibule
• EXTERNAL

  • Ovaries - carries and develops eggs
  • Fallopian Tube - transports the egg to the uterus
  • Uterus - supports developing embryo
  • Vagina - common tube for intercourse. The birth canal.
  • Vestibular gland - is an external part which secretes mucus, lubricates vagina and is seen at the mons pubis and labia majora.
• Negative Feedback - normal biological response where every reaction regulates health by ensuring a reaction is appropriate and that all organs are in a constant state of homeostasis or equilibrium.
• Positive Feedback - product reaction leads to an increase of that reaction.
• Testosterone - rises at puberty.  Influences the development of secondary male characteristics.  Maintains reproductive tract. Promotes sperm production. Influences sex drive & behavior.
• Follicle- stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Stimulates Sertoli cells which stimulate sperm production. It is important in both male and female systems.
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- Assists spermatogenesis and initiates production of testosterone in the testes
• Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)- Secreted by hypothalamus gland. Testosterone production is regulated by negative feedback
• FOLLICLE STAGE (DAY 1 - DAY 13)

  OVULATION (DAY 14)

  LUTEAL PHASE/CORPUS LUTEUM (DAY 15 - 27)

  MENSTRUATION (DAY 28)