respiratory

• Pleura


  Single layer of flat cells, mesothelium, and an associated layer of supporting connective tissue
• Types of pleura


  • Parietal pleura
  • Visceral pleura
• Parietal pleura


  • Associated with the walls of a pleural cavity
  • Sensitive to pain, touch, temperature
• Visceral pleura


  • Adheres to and covers the lung
  • Can't be dissected from lung
  • Can't feel pain, sensitive to stretch

  
• Pleural cavity


  • Space enclosed between the visceral and parietal pleurae
  • Contains a thin layer of serous fluid
• Parts of parietal pleura

  • Cervical pleura
  • Costal pleura
  • Diaphragmatic pleura
  • Mediastinal pleura
• Phrenic nerve


  • Originates from spinal nerves C3-C5
  • Provides motor and sensory innervation to the diaphragm
  • Provides sensory information from the pericardium, mediastinal pleura, and diaphragmatic pleura and peritoneum
• Hilum


  • Area on the mediastinal surface of the lung where structures enter or leave the lung
  • Where the visceral pleura is continuous with the mediastinal pleura

  
• Structures within the hilum

  • Pulmonary artery
  • Two pulmonary veins
  • Main bronchus
  • Bronchial vessels
  • Nerveslymphatics

  
• Lungs


  • Organs of respiration
  • Lie on either side of the mediastinum
  • Surrounded by the right and left pleural cavities
  • Air enters and leaves via main bronchi, branches of the trachea
  • Pulmonary arteries deliver deoxygenated blood to right ventricle, pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to left atrium

  
• Right lung


  • Normally a little larger than the left lung
  • Because the middle mediastinum, containing the heart, bulges more to the left than to the right
• Lung shape


  • Half-cone shape
  • Has a base, apex, two surfaces, and three borders

  
• Lung surfaces

  • Costal surface : adjacent to the ribs and intercostal spaces
  • Mediastinal surface : contains the comma-shaped hilum of the lung, againts the mediastinum

  
• Lung borders


  • Inferior border
  • Anterior border
  • Posterior border

  
• Airway


  Structures that air passes through to get to the alveoli
• Airway components


  • Pulmonary veins
  • Pulmonary artery
  • Terminal bronchiole
  • Alveolar sac
  • Pulmonary alveoli
  • Capillary
  • Pulmonary bronchiole

  
• Mediastinum

  • Borders :

  + Superior : superior thoracic aperture

  + Inferior : Diaphragm

  + Anterior : sternum

  costal cartilages

  transversus thoracis muscle

  + Posterior : Thoracic verterbrae

  + Lateral : lung's mediastinal surface

  
• Mediastinal regions


  • Superior mediastinum
  • Anterior mediastinum
  • Middle mediastinum
  • Posterior mediastinum
• Structures in the superior mediastinum

  • Thymus
  • Trachea
  • Aortic arch
  • Brachiocephalic veins
  • Phrenic nerves
• Structures in the posterior mediastinum

  • Esophagus
  • Aorta
  • Azygos vein
  • Thoracic duct
  • Vagus nerve
  • Sympathetic trunk
• boundaries of pleura cavity

  - Superior : neck of rib 1

  - Inferior :

  + sternum body

  + midclavicular line - Rib VIII

  + midaxillary line - Rib X

  + Cross rib XI, rib XII

  + Verterbra T12