RIPH REVIEWER

• ASTROLOGY falls under pseudoscience
• History, as a field of discipline, is as old as mathematics and philosophy and has existed for about 2,400 years.
• History comes from the Greek word “historia” which refers to “the knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation”.
• History refers to “the knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation”.
• History came to be known as “the account of the past of a person or a group of people through written documents and historical evidence”.
• Historians only get to access representations of the past through historical sources and evidences.
• Historiography, simply put, is the “history of history”.
• Historiography is essentially the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particular details from the authentic materials in those sources.
• Historical methodology is the process by which historians gather evidence and formulate ideas about the past.
• Historical methodology techniques and rules that historians follow in order to properly utilize sources and historical evidence in writing history.
• Historical methodology ensures a balanced account of the past because it employs the scientific method.
• Mantra is a phrase or slogan repeated frequently serving as the principle that guides the behavior of those repeating it.
• “No document, No history”. This means that unless a written document can confirm a certain historical event, then it cannot be considered as a historical fact.
• Historical sources help confirm and ascertain historical narratives.
• Sources are artifacts that have been left by the past.
• Artifacts refer to both tangible and intangible sources.
• Relics / Remains offer a clue about the past simply by virtue of their existence
• Testimonies can be oral or written reports that describe an event, whether simple or complex.
• During early middle ages, oral communications became relatively more important.
• It was only around the 12th century that written communication achieved dominance even in elite circles in medieval Europe.
• End of 15th century: invention of printing press 
• Narrative / Literary Sources include chronicles or tracts presented in narrative form, written to impart particular message.
• Diplomatic / Judicial Sources are those which document an existing legal situation or created a new one.
• Diplomatic / Judicial Sources are intended to provide evidence of the completion of a legal transaction or proof of the existence in juristic fact
• Social Documents started during 19th and 20th century
• Social Documents are written, oral and “material” sources. Material sources can be photographs, film, recording, etc. It is also an improvement in quality.
• Artifacts are things that people make and anything made or modified by human hands.
• Sociofacts is about how people come together, for what purpose have they come together, and practices governing people’s behavior.
• Mentifacts is what people think or believe.
• Primary Source is the testimony of an eye witness. It can be direct or indirect.
• Secondary Source is the testimony of anyone who is not an eye witness - that is, one of who was not present at the event of which he tells.
• Pre - Colonial: The span of time before the coming of the colonial powers in the Philippines.
• Pre - Colonial: The native Filipinos possess an intact culture of their own.
• Colonial: The period when we were subjected to the rule of a colonial country
• Colonial: the colonial country imposed its authority  over us.
• Post - Colonial: the period following the retreat of the imperial powers from their colonial territories.
• Post - Colonial: The country struggled to self-rule while reeling the effects of colonial powers.
• Contemporary: The period from 1986 up to the present
• Contemporary: The country continues to grapple with corruption, economic woes, territorial disputes, and recently the Covid-19 pandemic.
• According to the late nationalist historian Renato A. Constantino, the Philippines is “fortunate” to have experienced four “liberations”.