Module 3

• Biological evolution refers to the changes, modifications, and variations in the genetics and inherited traits of biological populations from one generation to another.
• Natural selection is the outcome of a process that affects the frequencies of traits in a particular environment.
• Principles of Natural Selection

  1. Every species is made up of a variety of individuals wherein some are better adapted to their environment compared to others
  2. Organisms produce progeny with different sets of traits that can be inherited
  3. Organisms that have most suitable to their environment will survive and transfer these variations to their offspring in subsequent generations
• Cultural evolution or sociocultural evolution refers to the changes or development in cultures from asimple form to a more complex form of human culture. Sociocultural evolution happens as a result of humanadaptation to different factors like climatic changes and population increase.
• 5 levels of society development:

  1. Hunting and Gathering Societies
  2. Horticultural and Pastoral Societies
  3. Agricultural Societies
  4. Industrial Societies
  5. Post-Industrial Socities
• The Four Major Civilizations:

  1. Sumerian civilization
  2. Indus Valley civilization
  3. Shang Dynasty/civilization
  4. Egyptian civilization