Exchange of gases can occur in different animals using a variety of respiratory organs
Respiratorysystem
Organs that allow gas exchange
Insects
Have a tracheal system that exchange gases from the external environment through openings called spiracles
Frogs
Exchange of gases occurs through their skin and lungs surface
Birds
Use air sacs and lungs to exchange gases
Aquaticorganisms
Have gills to allow gas exchange between blood and water
Mammals
Gas exchange process occurs in the alveoli in the lungs
Animals, whether vertebrate or invertebrate, have evolved skeletal and muscular systems that give them form and enable them to move
Skeletal system
Necessary to support the body, protect the internal organs, and allow for the movement of an organism
Skeleton designs
Hydrostaticskeleton
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
Hydrostatic skeleton
A structure found in many ectothermic organisms and soft-bodied animals consisting of the coelom, a fluid-filled cavity, surrounded by muscles
Exoskeleton
An external skeleton that supports and protects an animal's body, in contrast to the internal skeleton (endoskeleton) of a human
Endoskeleton
A structure that holds an animal from inside
Trachea
A tube about 10 to 12 cm long and 2 cm wide, with a wall stiffened by 16 to 20 characteristic horseshoe-shaped, incomplete cartilage rings that open toward the back and are embedded in a dense connective tissue
Stem bronchi
The two bronchi that the trachea divides into, one for the left and one for the right lung
Right main bronchus
Has a larger diameter, is oriented more vertically, and is shorter than the left main bronchus
Airway branchingpattern
Follows the rules of irregular dichotomy, where the daughter branches may differ greatly in length and diameter
Bronchioles
Have goblet cells completely replaced by Clara cells, a different type of secretory cell
Mucuslayer
Covers the epithelium
Bronchiole walls
Gain stability from their structural integration into the gas-exchanging tissues, as they lack cartilage
Alveolarducts
Consist of alveoli so densely packed along the airway that an airway wall proper is missing
Alveolarsacs
The final generations of the airway tree, ending blindly
protect the lower respiratory tract from aspirating food into the trachea while breathing.
Larynx
deliver air to a diffuse network of around 300 million alveoli in the lungs