PR Exam Rev

• Quantitative research
(WEEK 2)


  An inquiry process into a social or human problem based on testing a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analyzed with statistical procedures
• Qualitative research
(WEEK 2)


  An inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants
• Empirical Knowledge
(WEEK 1)


  Information gathered through experience and direct data collection.
• Nonempirical Knowledge
(WEEK 1)


  Roots from introspection / interviews, Vicarious experiences, and people's analysis of events.
• Research Paradigm (WEEK 2)


  A cluster of beliefs and dictates which influence what should be studied, how research should be done, and how results should be interpreted
• Phenomenology
(WEEK 2)


  Both an approach to and a method of understanding the behavioral, emotive, and social meanings of lived experiences of individuals; Emphasizes the individual's experiences, beliefs, and perceptions
• Ethnography
(WEEK 2)


  Focuses on studying shared practices and belief systems (i.e., culture) of a group of people in their natural context over a prolonged period
• Case Study
(WEEK 2)


  Allows in-depth investigation of complex issues within a specific context based on a small geographical area or a very limited number of individuals as the subjects of the study
• Discourse/Conversation Analysis
(WEEK 2)


  Studies naturally occurring discourse and extract shared meanings from such discourse; text is the object of analysis
• Inductive Thematic Theory (WEEK 2)


  
  

  Primarily concerned with presenting the stories and experiences voiced by study participants as accurately and comprehensively as possible; Most common qualitative data analysis used in social, behavioral, and health sciences
• Grounded Theory
(WEEK 2)


  Research methodology with a central purpose to study the experience of participants in order to develop a theory grounded in the data gathered from participants
• Narrative Analysis
(WEEK 2)


  Focuses on narratives (storytelling) as the source of data; Research focus shifts from "what actually happened" to "tell me what happened"; relates not just lifespans, but also accounts episodes and interconnections among them
• Beneficence(Ethical Principles)
WEEK 3


  • Researchers are ethically obligated to maximize benefit and minimize harm. The study puts emphasis on the research design being sound and the researchers having the appropriate competencies.
• Veracity or Justice(Ethical Principles) WEEK 3


  • The truth must always be stated, and all agreements or promises must be met. Researchers are morally obligated to treat each person what is morally proper and due to him/her. Additionally, both benefits and burdens must be equally distributed to all participants. Vulnerability may provide an exception to the equal distribution of benefits and burdens of the study. This is defined as a substantial incapacity to protect one's own interest, identity, consent, and well-being.
• Voluntary Participation/Respect for Persons(Ethical Principles)

  WEEK 3


  • Participants must be aware that their participation in the study is voluntary and that they are free to withdraw at any time without unfavorable repercussions. Respect for persons is based on the respect for autonomy and protection of said persons.
• Anonymity and Confidentiality(Ethical Principles)WEEK 3


  • Researchers seek to protect subjects' identity, interests, and future well-being. Researchers must be able to identify their responses, but not their identities. Individuals should have the right to limit access to information about themselves and control the use of this information.
• Disclosure(Ethical Principles)
WEEK 3


  • This sets a boundary on what to disclose to the participant regarding the study. It is important to note that although it is required for researchers to disclose information about the study, this must be carefully considered so that the respondents' opinions and responses will not be affected or influenced (e.g., if the research is focused on collecting negative reviews about a certain product, stating this specific objective to the participant may sway their responses and result in bias).
• Consent (Ethical Principles) WEEK 3


  • Informed consent is an operational principle that allows participants to know that they are being researched, the nature of this research, and that they have the right to withdraw.
• Consent addresses four (4) areas of concern in research (Ethical Principle) WEEK 3


  • Giving relevant information about the research to the subject for them to decide whether to participate
  • Making sure that subjects understand information by writing it in the subject's language and capacity
  • Ensuring that participation is voluntary by requiring written consent
  • Subjects that are not competent to agree must be given consent by a proxy.
• WEEK 3

  Research ethics ensures that every part of the study can balance the values and morals of both researcher and subject/respondent.
• (Steps in Literature Review)

  1. Work closely on your research problem and sub-problems to identify more specific keywords. 
(WEEK 4)


  Brainstorm your research problem, write the sub-problems, and research questions that will help you to solve them.
• (Steps in Literature Review)

  2. Find out related keywords
(WEEK 4)


  Look for them with your research problem and sub-problems as guides.
• (Steps in Literature Review)

  3. Locate related literature
(WEEK 4)


  Start looking for your related sources with the keywords in searching related literature in online databases and library catalog.
• (Steps in Literature Review)

  4. Make searches with specific keywords
(WEEK 4)


  Different types of catalog and databases can show many results, and keep track of these searches, so as not to repeat the same search again.
• (Steps in Literature Review)

  5. Create a list of the desired sources
(WEEK 4)


  You need to read, and always keep updating it.
• (Steps in Literature Review)

  6. Find your sources and look them over(WEEK 4)


  Make remarks on your sources list that comes out not to be helpful or not found. 
• (Steps in Developing a Research Problem)

  Selection of the research topic
(WEEK 4)


  a list of ideas can be classified as interesting  topics, some are familiar while others  perplexing. Choose the most suitable one.
• (Steps in Developing a Research Problem)

  Contemplating the ideas
(WEEK 4)


  explore the  phenomena by examining the problem’s  precipitating factors, how it is exactly  viewed or perceived by the researcher,  the responses of others who are involved  in the situation, personal involvement of the researcher in the situation.
• (Steps in Developing a Research Problem)

  Narrowing the topic
(WEEK 4)


  once a research topic has been specified and  contemplated, the researcher must then  narrow it down to develop a research  problem by generating questions from the  research topic. 
• (Steps in Developing a Research Problem)

  Reviewing the related literature
(WEEK 4)


  this stage sheds light on the problem by  illuminating the topic and identification of  what is known and what is not known about the research problem
• (Steps in Developing a Research Problem)

  Writing the statement of the research problem
(WEEK 4)


  expressed in an interrogatory statement such as “what are the burnout experiences of elementary teachers,” which serves as a guide to the researcher in the course of designing the study in work culture.
• (Ethics of Writing Literature)

  Fabrication (WEEK 4)


  is making up data or results and recording or reporting them
• (Ethics of Writing Literature)

  Falsification (WEEK 4)


  is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that their search is not accurately represented in the research record
• (Ethics of Writing Literature)

  Plagiarism (WEEK 4)


  is using another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving proper credit
• (Ethics of Writing Literature)

  Redundant publication (WEEK 4)


  is a special type of plagiarism that invokes copyright infringement. It is defined as a duplicate publication of a paper that overlaps substantially with one already published
• (Ethics of Writing Literature)

  Unauthorized authorship (WEEK 4)


  is another nagging issue, especially in student researches, where advising is the usual contribution of the research adviser
• Ethics
(WEEK 4)


  The assurance of giving due respect to the participants of the research in making sure they only experience minimal harm, and without intruding into their privacy.