GENBIO FINALS

• CARBOHYDRATES

  • to store and provide energy
  • molecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen they have general formula CnH2On.
• CARBOHYDRATE contain an aldehyde or a ketone unit, with multiple hydroxyl, groups at almost all carbon atoms
• CARBOHYDRATE also called saccharides, derived from latin word saccharum, which means sugar.
• MONOSACCHARIDES

  • simplest form of carbohydrates.
  • prefix mono are suggests that there carbohydrate composed of only one basic molecule.
  • have open-chain and cyclic forms, and these forms are interchangeable through chemical reactions.
  • In acqueous solutions, most of the glucose will be found in their cyclic form.
• DISACCHARIDES

  • formed when two monosaccharider combine
  • The monosaccharides are linked via condensation reaction producing an either (COC) group called glycosilic bond.
• POLYSACCHARIDES

  • Long chains monosaccharide units, they are also called complex carbohydrates
  • Carbohydrates can be either be homopoly-saccharides, which are composed of one type of monosaccharides, or heteropolysaccharide with multiple types.
• OLIGOSACCHARIDE

  • contains 3-10 sugar units
• LIPIDS

  • Large, non-polar biomolecules
  • mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • Do not have repeating basic structures
• TRIGLYCERIDES

  • composed of fatty acids and glycerol

  FATS - when found in animals

  OILS - when found in plants
• WAXES

  • lipids produced by both plants and animals
  • served as structural component for protection
  • example is Beeswax in honeycomb
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS

  • composed of phosphate “head” which is hydrophilic (water lover)
  •  and fatty acid “tail” which is hydrophobic (water hater)
• PROTEIN

  • well known for their ability to build muscles and tissues.
  • very diverse and perform a wide variety  of functions
  • power way of chemical reaction that hemoglobin carries oxygen.
  • biomolecules units composed of amino acids in the blood
  • essential in organisms because of diverse functions. (amino group) (carboxyl group)
• AMINO ACIDS

  • building blocks of protein
  • central carbon atom bonded to amino group - carboxyl group - hydrogen atom - α variable side chain (R)
• Amino acids are linked via

  PEPTIDE BOND - connection between 2 amino acid
• DIPEPTIDE - protein molecule made of two amino acid
• TRIPEPTIDE - made of three amino acid
• POLYPEPTIDE - made of more than 50 amino acid
• STRUCTURAL

  • responsible for strength and shape of certain structures in body
• EXOSKELETON

  • hard covering that supports and protects the bodies of some types of animals
• CUTICLE / CUTICULA

  • tough, flexible, provide protection for the tissue that grows new cells to build nails
• CHITIN

  • gives strength to the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, and the cell walls of fungi
• ANTIBODIES

  • produced by immune system to fight off pathogens

  ( Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Virus, Worms )
• JONS JACOB BERZELIUS

  • discovered the protein
• PROTEIN CAN BE FOUND IN

  • muscle, hair, skin, bone, teeth
• NUCLEIC ACID

  • Biopolymers, macromolecules that are essential to all known forms of life.
  • biomolecules that play important roles in the storage and expression of genetic information.
  • they are macromolecules composed of monomers called nucleotides.
• FRIEDRICH MIESCHER (1844-1895)

  • He discovered nucleic acids upon isolation of "nuclein" from white blood cells.
  • This isolated material is now known as the DNA.
• ROSALIND FRANKLIN (1920-1958)

  • english scientist used a method known as x-ray crystallography in 1925
• DNA - DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

  • genetic information
• RNA - RIBONUCLEIC ACID

  • expression of genes
  • transport messages.
• NUCLEOTIDES

  • building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA).
  •  phosphate group
  •  5-C sugar
  • Nitrogenous bases
• JAMES WATSON (1928-PRESENT)

  FRANCIS CRICK (1916-2004)

  • discovered the structure of DNA
  • Double Helix structure > duplicated copy
• ESTER BONDS

  • link the phosphate group to the nucleosides
  • attaches phosphate to first C of sugar
• PURINE - bases with two rings
• PYRIMIDINE - bases have one ring
• PRIMARY STRUCTURE

  • sequence of nucleotides that make up the stand
• SECONDARY STRUCTURE

  • bonding between nucleotides
• TERTIARY STRUCTURE

  • positioning of structures of DNA, how these affect the 3d structure
• mRNA - Messenger Ribonucleic Acid

  • carries genetic sequence information between DNA and ribosomes
• rRNA - Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid

  • catalyzes (breaking down) peptide bond formation
• tRNA - Transfer Ribonucleic Acid

  • carrier molecule of amino acids that make up the protein.