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• Research


  A systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to find an answer to a question or a solution to a problem, to validate or test an existing theory
• Research


  A systematic process of gathering information, interpreting information, and analyzing information to resolve a specific problem
• Research


  A tested approach of thinking and employing validated instruments and steps in order to obtain a more adequate solution to a problem that is otherwise impossible to address under ordinary means
• Research


  • A systematic and well-planned procedure is required to meet the need in order that information is acquired and evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness
  • It is a process of inquiring
• Inquiry


  A term that is synonymous with the word 'investigation'. When you inquire or investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for truth, information, or knowledge
• Research


  Systematic (with a system or method, the scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles presented), knowledge creation (a creative process)
• Characteristics of research


  • Empirical (based on direct experience or observation by the researcher)
  • Logical (based on valid procedures and principles)
  • Cyclical (starts with a problem and ends with a problem)
  • Analytical (utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data)
  • Critical (exhibits careful and precise judgment)
  • Methodical (conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures)
  • Replicable (the research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results)
  • Persuasive (relevant and worth doing)
  • Complete (contains all the required parts)
  • Clear (written in simple language and methodology is clear)
  • Flexible (allowances for possible changes)
  • Novel (research must be relevant and address the current demand and issues)
• Ethics in research


  • Ethics are the principles and guidelines that help us uphold and safeguard the things we value
  • Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which educates and monitors researchers to ensure high standard
  • It promotes the aim of research, such as expanding knowledge and supports the values required for collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness
• Ethical considerations in conducting research

  • Respect for intellectual property
  • Responsible publication
  • Responsible mentoring
  • Respect for colleagues
  • Non-discrimination
  • Social responsibility
  • Human subject protection
  • Objectivity
  • Honesty
  • Openness
  • Care
  • Confidentiality
  • Integrity
  • Legality
  • Competence
• Rights of research participants

  • Informed consent
  • Human rights
  • Intellectual property
  • Copyright infringement
  • Voluntary participation
  • Anonymity
  • Confidentiality
• Research misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn't include honest error of differences of opinion. It can erode trust between researchers and funding agencies, which make it more difficult for colleagues at the same institution to receive grants.
• Plagiarism


  The act of using another person's ideas, works, processes, and results without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of original works, a violation of intellectual property rights.