(3)

• Quantitative research


  The process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to wider populations
• Quantitative research


  • Widely used in the natural and social sciences: biology, chemistry, psychology, economics, sociology, marketing, etc.
• Correlational and experimental research


  Can both be used to formally test hypotheses, or predictions, using statistics. The results may be generalized to broader populations based on the sampling method used
• Operational definitions


  Translate abstract concepts (e.g., mood) into observable and quantifiable measures (e.g., self-ratings of feelings and energy levels)
• Qualitative research


  Involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research
• Qualitative research


  • Commonly used in the humanities and social sciences, in subjects such as anthropology, sociology, education, health sciences, history, etc.
• Qualitative research approaches


  • Grounded theory, ethnography, action research, phenomenological research, and narrative research
• Qualitative research methods


  • Observations
  • Interviews
  • Focus groups
  • Surveys
  • Secondary research
• Qualitative research and quantitative research both start with a problem and end with a new problem, have the process of inquiry and investigation, use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of data, use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data, and improve life and help us in understanding various issues of life and in giving solutions to our problems
• Kinds of research across fields

  • Arts-based research
  • Research in humanities
  • Science research
  • Mathematics research
  • Agriculture/fisheries research
  • Information and communication technology (ICT) research
• Arts-based research


  • The Role of Arts in Student Achievement in Reading
  • Classroom Artistic Structure and Students Motivation on Learning
• Kinds of qualitative research

  An in-depth examination of an individual, groups of people, or an institution. Some of its purposes are to gain insights into a little-known problem, provide background data for broader studies and explain socio-psychological and socio-cultural processes
• Grounded theory


  • The Story Behind the Repatriation of Filipinos in the Middle East Countries
• Narrative report


  • Vocabulary Building of Students through Disaster Risk Management
• Biography


  The study of an individual's life and struggles and how they reflect cultural themes of the society. It deals with an interesting story found in documents and archival materials. It is concerned with the reconstruction of life histories and the constitution of meaning based on biographical narratives and documents
• Action research


  A classroom-based or school-based research that seeks transformative change through the process of taking action and doing research, which are linked together by critical reflection. This type of research is commonly conducted by the teachers to give solutions to the existing problems to improve students' academic performance and positive attitudes
• Research problem


  Anything which gives a person a feeling of discomfort. It could be a state of affairs that needs to be changed or anything that is not working as expected. It could be conditions you want to improve, difficulties you want to eliminate, questions for which you want answers, or information gaps you wish to fill or theories you wish to validate. It could be an issue that should be settled. It could be a question about an unknown characteristics of a population or about factors that explain the presence or occurrence of a phenomenon
• Identifying a research problem

  • There is a perceived discrepancy between what is and what should be, and there are two or more plausible reasons for the discrepancy
• When defining a research problem, you should first review relevant literature and previous studies on the problem, examine available data/statistics, and determine probable reasons
• A research problem must be relevant, feasible, clear, ethical, and related to your track or strand