philo L1

• Philosophy


  • Began at the end of the 6th Century in Ancient Greece
  • Comes from the Greek words "Philein" (love) and "Sophia" (wisdom)
• Philosophers became the talk of the town in Athens because of the works of Hesiod and Homer
• Work and Days by Hesiod


  • Poem published around 700 BCE
  • Expresses the idea of man's fate being indebted to the gods
• The Iliad and The Odyssey


  Works of Homer
• • Philosophy's realization to itself is shaped by its reaction to literature
  • There was a transition from the Greek's penchant for story (muthos) to reason (logos)
  • The origin of the world might not come from some mythic explanation but from a more rational, more grounded fact
• Stupefaction


  When a person is placed in a position of confusion, it reinforces being completely mesmerized and thereby pushing oneself to ask
• Questioning


  • Indication that real and genuine knowledge does not end in awe
  • Doubt pushes us to question many things to see that a greater reason is being veiled by what seems to appear before us
• Skepticism


  Wherein everything is put into inquiry without any goal of grounding and could lead to being myopic
• A philosophical question should touch upon matters related to choice, meaning, and life
• Pythagoras


  • Marked a radical shift from the mythic to the rational
  • Invented the idea that the world is governed by a principle that only numbers can provide
• Philosophus


  Everyone is a philosopher, someone who in all their might pursues wisdom
• Real Definition of Philosophy

  • Philosophy as a Science
  • Philosophy as a Science of All Things
  • Philosophy as a Science of All Things through Its Ultimate Causes and Principles
  • Philosophy as a Science of All Things through Its Ultimate Causes Acquired through the Use of Natural Reason
• The significance of philosophy is not on its demonstration of knowledge but in its capacity to focus on the possibilities that might be lost in the full understanding of what is being taught
• Sophie's World


  Novel by Jostein Gardner that has two narrative sequences: one is the sequence of the unreal (fictional characters) and the other is the sequence of the real (Sophie Amundsen and her family)
• What we can learn from Sophie is the very question asked of her, "Who am I"
• Mytheme


  Ideas that are based on stories
• Matheme


  Ideas that are based on reason
• The demarcation between mytheme and matheme is still tangled
• Plato's critiques of imitation (outlined in his famous book The Republic) is the timeline
• Plato's scission out of the mytheme

  • Philosophy's method cannot anymore be a hybrid or a pseudo of a genre of literature
  • Philosophy's method must be consistent after making its own site and field of investigation
• Philosophy's pursuit


  Led philosophers to either follow a particular school of thought or develop an original system
• Branches of philosophy


  • Ontology
  • Epistemology
  • Ethics
  • Aesthetics
  • Logic
• Ontology


  Theory of reality and the nature of being
• Epistemology


  Theory of Knowledge
• Ethics


  Theory of what is right or wrong
• Aesthetics


  Theory about the nature and valuation of what is beautiful
• Logic


  Theory of correct reasoning and sound thinking
• A person is called every day to reason and to decide on matters that actually demand his/her better judgment
• Elements of critical thinking

  • Independent thinking
  • Proactive thinking
  • Contextual thinking
  • Creative thinking
  • Collaborative thinking
• Independent thinking


  Thinking is not just embodying the truth but also embodying that truth for you which you believe in
• Proactive thinking


  To actively anticipate and prepare for potential objections in their arguments or positions and execute contingent plans if one fails
• Contextual thinking


  It provides the necessary framework of thought and clarifies the actual range of thought
• Creative thinking


  Great thinkers are also master stylists because they can represent the truth in a manner where they could be seen in a different light
• Collaborative thinking


  To think is always to think in close collaboration with others. It is also a manifestation of the relational aspect of thought, communion, and participation
• Epistemology


  A study on the theory of knowledge, it explores diverse manners and ways by which truth can be achieved and generated
• Theories on knowledge


  • Theory of realism
  • Theory of relativism
  • Theory of pragmatism
  • Theory of phenomenology
  • Theory of axioms
• Theory of realism


  One of the oldest epistemological system that dates back from Aristotle. Truth is the adequation between what is outside the mind (reality) and inside the mind (subject). Objects move in actual spaces where time is real and measurable
• Theory of relativism


  The basis of truth is always related to subjective intervention of any phenomenon. Hence, the truth for one person may not be the truth for other
• Theory of pragmatism


  Often viewed as an American Philosophy emphasizes that truth should have practical consequences. Practical consequences have to be beneficial in order to justify the truthfulness. What appears as truth also has to work as truth. Theories alone are not enough, it should have real and concrete implications
• Theory of phenomenology


  Founded by a German philosopher named Edmund Husserl. Usually referred to as the Theory of Appearances that is essential to objective or empirical knowledge. "To see the world anew and again as if for the first time"