Motivation & Emotions

Cards (128)

  • Emotion
    A combination of arousal, physical sensations, and subjective feelings that occurs spontaneously in response to environmental stimuli.
  • The James-Lange theory believes a specific physical response is followed by a subjective feeling. For example, a nervous football player smiles confidently at his teammates to hide his anxiety, but starts to actually feel confident after a while.
  • A student orders decaffeinated coffee before an exam but is accidentally given regular coffee. She mistakes the caffeine buzz she feels as nerves about her exam. This is an example of the Schacter-Singer theory where the student uses context to explain her feelings. 
  • A couple rides a terrifying rollercoaster together and interprets their feelings of arousal as passionate love for each other. This is an example of Cannon-Bard theory.
  • Analogizing emotions to color like happy, sad, angry to be red, yellow, or blue is the discrete approach to emotions.
  • The continuous view sees emotions like a rainbow, with particular emotions being located closer to some than others and even blending together.
  • You can be in a good mood while feeling a variety of specific emotions, such as happiness, pride, or relief. a mood generally lasts longer than a single emo-tion.
  • Motivation
    A process that arouses, maintains, and guides behavior toward a goal.
  • The process of motivation is accompanied by distinct emotional states. For example, we are motivated to seek a drink of water in response to thirst. Thirst is generally quite distressing, and taking a drink of water can produce positive emotions like relief and happiness.
  • (a) James-Lange (b) Cannon-Bard (c) Schachter-Singer
  • The James–Lange Theory of Emotion

    A theory of emo-tion that proposes that physical sensations lead to subjective feelings.
  • Emotions could arise from several sources, including the recall from memory of events that were emotional. This is an example of James-Lange theory.
  • The idea that this type of emotion is the result of a sequence of events. James are interested in emotions “that have a distinct bodily expression”.
  • Process of emotions according to James: Once the individual perceives a stimulus, such as a grizzly bear, that person experiences a physiological response. This physiological response is subsequently interpreted by the individual, giving rise to a conscious awareness of a subjective feeling.
  • Jame's theory reversed the ordering of events in the prevailing view of James’s time that we get sweaty palms and butterflies because we are scared.
  • The James–lange theory assumes that physical states related to each type of feeling (sadness and happiness, for instance) are distinct from one another.
  • James also assumes that we are capable of correctly labeling these distinct physical states as separate feelings.
  • catharsis
    A theory of emotion that views emotion as a reservoir that fills up and spills over; it predicts that expressing an emotion will reduce arousal.
  • What does catharsis theory suggest?
    It might be better to express some anger regularly than to repress your anger and “explode.”
  • What theory contrasts with James?
    Catharsis
  • What is a phenomenon that can challenge the catharsis approach
    The phenomenon of "psyching up" (lấy khí thế). Nghi thức làm tăng sĩ khí quân ta, làm cho quân địch khiếp sợ.
  • Capilano Canyon experiment (crossing a dangerous bridge then approached by an attractive women) suggests that we might not be as good at reading our physical states as the James-Lange theory requires us to be. This is better explained by Cannon-Bard theory and best explained by Schachter two-factor theory.
  • The Cannon–Bard Theory of Emotion
    The Cannon–Bard theory proposes that both factors occur simultaneously and independently.
  • You were reading quitely then a bear enters your room.

    According to the James–lange theory, the sight of the bear would immediately set off physical sensa-tions that you would then cognitively interpret as fear.
  • You were reading quitely then a bear enters your room.
    According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the sight of the bear would immediately and simultaneously trigger a subjective feeling of fear (“whoa, there’s a bear in my room”) and physical sensations (probably the au-tonomic nervous system’s fight-or-flight response in this example).
  • The Schachter–Singer Two-Factor Theory 

    A theory of emotion in which general arousal leads to assessment, which in turn leads to subjective feelings.
  • What is Schachter-Singer Two-Factor?
    Emotional arousal signals us to make a conscious, cognitive appraisal of our circumstances, which then allows us to identify the emotion we’re experiencing. The same physical sensations may lead to several interpretations, based on the way an individual assesses a situation.
  • You were reading quitely then a bear enters your room.
    For Schachter-Singer, the sight of the bear would initiate a general state of arousal. To identify the source of your arousal, you would assess your situation, attribute your arousal to the presence of a bear in your room, and identify your feelings as fear (with considerable accuracy, we would assume).
  • In Schachter-Singer theory, unlike the Cannon Bard theory, physical sensations remain important for identifying emotion in the two-factor theory. Unlike the James–Lange theory, physical sensa-tions are more general rather than specific to individual emotional states, thus requiring an intermediate assessment stage.
  • Schachter and Singer's experiment

    Participants who were exposed to the happy actor rated themselves as feeling happy, while participants exposed to the angry actor felt more negative. Importantly, when the participants were acccurately informed that they were getting a drug that produced arousal instead of a vitamin, the behavior of the actor did not influence their assessment of the situation. Instead, they at-tributed their feelings to the drug.
  • How would increasing and decreasing the ability to move facial muscles affect participants’ judgments of the emotions of others?
    Facial expressions of emotion influences the ability to identify emotional states in other people. This is consistent with the James–Lange theory.
  • Somatovisceral afference model of emotion (SAME)

    A recognition that physical responses to a stimulus can range from quite specific to quite general. For example, the physical sensations associated with dis-gust can be more precise than the physical sensations associated with pride.
  • Instead of specific physical responses, a situation might produce general arousal, which requires significant cognitive processing and evaluation. For example, a valedictorian giving a graduation speech might not understand her arousal until she sees her parents and other members of the audience clapping and realizes the emotion she is feeling is pride. This scenario is closest to that proposed by Schachter and Singer.
  • What is the middle ground between James-Lange and SchS?
    SAME. if a physical response is only partially specific, an ambiguous message is sent for-ward that is clarified by the presence of additional cues or information.
  • appraisal
    The detection and assessment of stimuli that are relevant to personal well-being.
  • Appraisal Theory

    Interpretation is a continuous process rather than a single decision about a stimulus. For example, attention may be aroused by some change in the environment. A recognizable emotion has not yet occurred, and if the appraisal of the stimulus determines it to be of no significance, arousal returns to baseline.

    however, if the stimulus is found to have positive or negative value to the individual making the appraisal (a source of food or a predator, for instance), feelings and physiological responses change yet again.
  • One person may view material wealth as essential to happiness, whereas another may view successful relationships with others as a primary goal. A letter to an advice colum-nist described a situation in which a man’s wife had wrecked his expensive antique automobile in a serious accident. Our first person, who values money, is likely to respond with dismay at the loss of the expensive car. Our second person, who values relationships, is likely to be happy that his beloved wife survived the accident in one piece.
    This can best be explained by what?
    Appraisal theory
  • Yerkes–Dodson law

    The ideal simple task high amount of arousal interacts with the complexity of a task. For simple tasks, such as outrunning a predator, greater arousal leads to greater performance. For more complex tasks, such as taking a difficult exam, arousal levels that are too high can begin to interfere with performance ('choking').
  • Phineas gage, whose frontal lobe damage changed him from a responsible, well-liked member of the community to an impulsive, indecisive, and emotion-ally volatile individual who had difficulty keeping a job.
  • Antonio damasio (1994) described the case of a young man named eliot, who had frontal lobe surgery to remove a tumor. like gage, eliot maintained his intelligence and other skills after his surgery but was unable to establish priorities. damasio hypothesized that emotions provide a bridge to past experiences that can be used to set priorities such as approach and avoidance.