Biology test 3

• Biological Molecules

  is a molecule involved in the making up of organisms
• Molecules

  are groups of chemically bonded elements, they are made up of repeated block such as monomer
• Protein

  made up of a chain of amino acids
• Main groups of biological molecules

  • Carbon Hydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nuclei Acids
  • Water
• Carbon Hydrates

  • Energy supply (short-lasting) strength and storage
  • Monomer is Monosaccharide
  • Consists of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), & Oxygen (O)
• Lipids

  • Long-term energy supply
  • Insulation
  • Food storage
  • Monomers are Fatty acids and Glycerol
  • Consists of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), & Oxygen (O)
• Proteins

  • Muscle fibers & Structural fibers
  • Antibodies
  • Enzymes
  • Monomer is Amino Acids
  • Consists of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), & Nitrogen (N)
• Nuclei Acids

  • Storage and expression of genetic information
  • Code of instructions for the synthesis of proteins
  • Monomer is Nucleotide
  • Consists of Cabon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P)
• Water (H₂O)

  • Solvent
  • Evaporative cooling
  • Turgor pressure & support
  • Surface tension
• Monomers are small units that combine to form polymers.
• Enzymes

  are proteins that function as biological catalysts and are involved in all metabolic reactions
• Catalysts

  a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction
• Two ways in which an inorganic catalyst is different from an enzyme

  • enzymes can catalyze only specific reactions
  • inorganic catalysts can catalyze a wide range of reactions.
• Photosynthesis 


  is the process by which plants synthesise light energy into chemical energy.
• Respiration

  a reliable mechanism to make sure energy is produced
• Respiration & Photosynthesis

  
• Types of catalysers

  • Chlorophyll
  • Sunlight
• Chlorophyll

  can be tested by comparing starch present in a variegated leaf and a normal
• Sunlight

  can be tested by comparing starch present in a part of a leaf exposed or unexposed to sunlight
• Types of Reactants

  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

  soda-lime or hydrogen carbonates solution can help to absorb remaining carbon dioxide in an enclosed enviroment
• Water (H2O)

  water one plant and not the other, then test for starch or growth
• Adaptation of leaves for photosynthesis

  • transparent epidermis
  • waxy leaf layer
  • chloroplast in the palisade mesophyll
  • veins provide a good branching system to transport water & nutrients
  • stomata so gas exchange is efficient
  • air spaces in the spongy mesophyll
  • a large surface of absorption for light and CO2
• Mineral Salts 


  the nutrients in a plant that come from the soil and are absorbed along with H2O
• Name of these mineral salts

  • magnesium
  • potassium
  • nitrate
  • calcium
  • phosphate
• Uses and Compounds of Mineral Salts

  
• Biological Molecules Tests

  • Carbohydrates: An iodine test for starch will turn dark blue/black if positive
  • Lipids: An emulsion test (water + ethanol) for lipids will turn cloudy if positive
  • Proteins: A biuret test for proteins will turn purple if positive.
• Photosynthesis Equations