PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION

• Solution


  A homogeneous mixture of two or more pure substances, consisting of a solute and a solvent
• Components of a solution

  • Solute
  • Solvent
• Solutions may be classified based on the phase of the solvent, based on saturation, or based on concentration
• Liquid solutions


  • Solutions where the solvent is a liquid
  • Most common type
  • Can be solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, or gas-liquid
• Liquid solutions


  • Seawater
• Solid solutions


  • Solutions where the solvent is solid
  • Can be solid-solid, liquid-solid, or gas-solid
• Solid solutions


  • Brass (zinc in copper)
  • Amalgam (mercury in gold)
  • Hydrogen gas in palladium metal
• Gaseous solutions


  • Solutions where the solvent is gas
  • Can be solid-gas, liquid-gas, or gas-gas
• Gaseous solutions


  • Camphor in nitrogen gas
  • Water vapor in the air
  • Air
• Unsaturated solution


  • Amount of solute is less than the solute's solubility at a given volume and temperature
• Saturated solution


  • Amount of solute is equal to the solute's solubility at a given volume and temperature
• Supersaturated solution


  • Amount of solute is greater than the solute's solubility at a given volume and temperature
  • Unstable, agitation causes crystallization
• Like dissolves like - polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, non-polar solutes dissolve in non-polar solvents
• Solubility increases with increasing temperature for most solids in liquids
• In unsaturated solutions, the amount of solute is less than the solubility capacity of the solvent. In saturated solutions, the amount of solute is equal to the solubility capacity of the solvent. In supersaturated solutions, the amount of solute is greater than the solubility capacity of the solvent.
• Concentrated solution


  • Contains an excessively large amount of solute
  • Most common unit of concentration is molarity (M)
  • Molarities > 1 M
  • Used as stock solutions in preparing diluted solutions
• Concentrated solutions


  • Concentrated sulfuric acid (18 M)
  • Glacial (concentrated) acetic acid (17 M)
• Highly concentrated solutions emit fumes
• Diluted solution


  • Solution of low concentration
  • Prepared through the process of dilution
• A carbonated drink is an example of a liquid-gas solution
• Amalgam is a solution of liquid mercury in gold
• An aliquot does not have the same concentration as the stock solution
• Solutions classified by phase of solvent

  • Air
• Solutions classified by concentration

  • 0.5 M potassium permanganate, KMnO4
• Solutions classified by phase of solvent

  • Rubbing alcohol