RPH

• History


  Systematic account of natural phenomena
• History (German)


  That which has happened
• Primary sources


  • Eyewitness accounts
  • Diaries
  • Letters
  • Legal and official documents
  • Photographs
  • Maps
  • Drawings/sketches
  • Statistics tables
  • Graphs
  • Charts
  • Video and audio recordings
• Secondary sources


  Testimony of anyone who is not an eyewitness
• Secondary source examples


  • Textbooks
  • Articles
  • Journals that have interpreted primary sources
  • Printed materials
• Categories of historical sources

  • Written sources (published materials)
  • Unwritten sources (oral history, artifacts, fossils, artwork, video recordings)
• Internal criticism


  Questions the credibility of the author and the primary sources
• External criticism


  Deals with the problem of authenticity (fake documents or misinterpretations)
• Content and contextual analysis

  1. Examine the author's argument, biases, and perspective

  2. Who is the speaker/source?

  3. What is the occasion?

  4. Who is the intended audience?

  5. What is the purpose?

  6. What is the subject?

  7. What is the tone?
• Content and contextual analysis examples

  • Mga aral ng Katipunan by Emilio Jacinto
  • Pag-ibig sa tinubuang lupa by Andres Bonifacio
  • The four sites of the first mass by Magellan's first voyage
  • Cavite Mutiny by Nicolas Zafra
• Jose Rizal


  Reform-minded Filipino who joined the Propaganda Movement in Europe and wrote Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
• Noli Me Tangere


  • Criticized Spanish colonial control in the Philippines, particularly Catholic friars
• El Filibusterismo


  • Advocated for equal treatment of Filipinos, limiting Spanish friar power, and representation in the Spanish Cortes
• Jose Rizal was accused of leading the Philippine Revolution and was executed on December 30, 1896
• Rizal allegedly retracted his masonic ideals and converted to Catholicism
• Eyewitnesses to Rizal's retraction

  • Fr. Vicente Balaguer
  • Fr. Pio Pi
  • Fr. Manuel Garcia
  • Fr. Miguel Saderra
  • Fr. Luis Visa
  • Josephine Bracken
  • Fr. Jose Vilaclara
  • Dr. Ricardo R. Pascual
  • Captain Rafael Dominguez
• The Cry of Balintawak or Pugad Lawin


  The spontaneous revolt led by Filipino revolutionary leaders like Andres Bonifacio in 1896, marking the beginning of the Philippine Revolution
• Different dates, places and accounts of the Cry


  • August 26 in Balintawak (Guillermo Masangkay)
  • August 25 in Balintawak (Lt. Olegario Diaz)
  • August 25 in Balintawak-Pasong Tamo Caloocan (Gregoria De Jesus)
  • August 24 in Bahay Toro, Quezon City (Santiago Alvarez)
  • In a place called "Kangkong", nearby Pasong Tamo, part of Balintawak (Julio Nacpil)
  • August 23 in Sitio Gulod - Pugad Lawin (Pío Valenzuela)
• How the Cry of Pugad Lawin started

  1. Andres Bonifacio formed the secret organization Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK)

  2. After Rizal's execution, Bonifacio founded the KKK in 1892

  3. In August 1896, the Katipuneros led by Andres Bonifacio rose up in revolt in the sitio of Pugad Lawin in Balintawak

  4. Katipuneros tore up their cedulas (residency certificates) as a sign of defiance against Spanish rule
• The Filipino rebels in Pugad Lawin demonstrated their disobedience of Spanish rule and dedication to freedom and self-determination by tearing up their cedulas
• He had two siblings - Paciano (older brother) and Saturnina (younger sister).
• Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Laguna.
• The term "Rizal" is derived from the Spanish word "rizar," which means to rise or stand up.
• His father Francisco Mercado was an ilustrado who served as a justice of the peace and municipal treasurer.
• Rizal's father Francisco Mercado was a well-educated man who served as an alcalde mayor (provincial governor) under the Spaniards.
• His father Francisco Mercado was a well-educated man who served as an alcalde mayor (provincial governor) under the Spaniards.
• Francisco Mercado married Teodora Alonso y Realonda, who came from a wealthy family with Chinese ancestry.
• At age four, Jose Rizal began his education at home under the tutelage of his mother and older brother Paciano.
• His father Francisco Mercado was a well-educated man who served as an alcalde mayor (provincial governor)
• Teodora Alonso y Realonda gave birth to three children: Jose Rizal, Paciano, and Saturnina.
• Francisco Mercado married Teodora Alonso y Realonda, a woman with Chinese ancestry.
• Teodora Alonso y Realonda had four children with Francisco Mercado - Jose Protacio, Paciano, Saturnina, and Narcisa.
• Rizal's mother Teodora Alonso Realonda came from a wealthy family with Chinese ancestry.
• In 1872, when Rizal was eleven years old, his parents sent him to Manila to continue his studies.
• Constitution


  Provides the protection of the rights and duties of citizens in a democracy
• 1973 Constitution


  • Establishes a parliamentary system
• 1935 Constitution


  • Establishes a presidential system
• 1973 Constitution


  Executive power was shared between the President and the Prime Minister and was ratified during Martial Law
• The 1943 constitution was never recognized as legitimate by the Philippine Government
• The current Philippine government recognizes the 1935 Constitution and the 1987 Constitution as the legitimate ones