ALL LESSON LEC

• Integumentary System


  • Skin
  • Hair
  • Exocrine glands
  • Nails
• Integumentary System


  • Largest organ system in humans (60% of body weight)
  • Covers and protects parts of the body
  • Helps vitamin D synthesis
  • Excretes sweat and oil
  • Regulates body heat
  • Gas exchange
  • Sensory reception
• Integumentary System


  • Earth worm exhibits gas exchange through integumentary system
  • Frogs absorb water and oxygen through cutaneous membrane
  • Insect shedding skin
  • Mollusks shell is a calcareous exoskeleton which protects, covers, and supports soft parts
  • Layers of insect exoskeleton
• Musculo-Skeletal System


  • Provides body support, movement with muscles, and protects internal organs
• Types of Skeleton


  • Hydrostatic skeleton
  • Exoskeleton
  • Endoskeleton
• Bone cells


  • Live in matrix of flexible protein fibers and hard calcium salts
  • Kept alive by blood vessels, hormones, and nerves
• Joints


  • Allow movement of bones
  • Has contracting apparatus for each muscle cell
• Muscle fibers


  Cells consist of bundles of myofibrils
• Myofibrils


  Contain two overlapping filaments, myosin (thick) and actin (thin)
• Sarcomeres


  Repeating groups of actin and myosin, and it is the contractile unit, fundamental unit of muscle action
• Types of Muscle Tissue

  • Skeletal
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
• Circulatory System


  Circulation of blood that transports materials throughout the body
• Materials transported by Circulatory System

  • Acquired via Digestive System
  • Eliminated via Respiratory System
  • Eliminated via Excretory System
• Types of Circulatory System

  • Open Circulatory
  • Closed Circulatory
• Open Circulatory


  • Blood leaves vessels and flows among tissues
  • Has hemocoel or cavity
  • Lower pressure and smaller diameter blood vessels
• Closed Circulatory


  • Blood flows continuously
  • Has capillary bed that serves as a diffusion zone
  • Higher pressure and larger diameter blood vessels
• Blood in capillary beds

  Gives off oxygen
• Lungs


  Exchanges carbon dioxide into oxygen and returns it to the heart
• Circulatory Paths


  • Pulmonary circuit
  • Systemic circuit
• Pulmonary Circuit


  • Blood flows from heart to lungs and vice versa
  • Pumps deoxygenated blood from right ventricle
• Systemic Circuit


  • Blood flows from heart to body tissues and vice versa
  • Pumps oxygenated blood from left ventricle
• Chambers of Heart


  • Fish - 2
  • Amphibian - 3
  • Mammal and Bird - 4
• Phases of Respiratory System

  • Breathing
  • Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood
  • Body tissues take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide
• Invertebrate Respiration


  • Integumentary gas exchange
  • Gills in some aquatic invertebrates
  • Tracheal system in insects

  
• Animals with Paired Lungs


  • Some fishes
  • Mostly amphibians
  • All mammals and birds
• Frogs take oxygen through lungs and diffuse carbon dioxide across skin
• Birds have air sacs connected to lungs
• Humans have branching tubes conveying air to lungs located in chest cavity
• Alveoli


  • Facilitates gas exchange
  • Location of gas exchange: High surface area of capillaries and alveoli
  • Function: Oxygen diffuses into the blood, Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood
• Inhalation


  Always active
• Exhalation


  Usually passive, attempting to expel more air makes it active
• Animal Diets


  • Herbivore - plants
  • Carnivore - meat
  • Omnivore - both
• Digestive Organs


  • Mouth - food entrance
  • Salivary glands - some digestion of starch
  • Oesophagus - carries food to stomach
  • Stomach - protein digestion
  • Pancreas - release enzymes
  • Liver - produce bile
  • Small intestine - digestion and absorption
  • Large intestine - salts and much water absorbed
  • Anus - waste exit
• Stages of Food Processing

  • Ingestion - food enters to mouth
  • Digestion - Food breaks down into smaller pieces and into nutrients
  • Absorption - nutrients entering or getting absorbed into body cells
  • Elimination - waste is excreted
• Suspension Feeding


  Animal captures food particles suspended in the water
• Substrate Feeding


  Animal lives on their food source
• Fluid Feeding


  Animal gets nutrients from fluid of other
• Bulk Feeding


  Animals eats pieces of other organisms
• Macromolecules and Building Blocks

  • Protein - Amino acids
  • Polysaccharide - Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharide - Monosaccharides
  • Nucleic acid - Nucleotides
  • Fat - Glycerol and Fatty acids
• Alimentary Canal


  • Mouth
  • Anus
  • Specialized regions