STS - MIDTERM

• I N TE L L ECT U A L RE V O L U T I O N S T H A T DE F I N E D S O C IET Y
• Ancient civilizations Discoveries and inventions were due to the NEEDS and WANTS of the people to make life easier. Simple, practical, and cultural.
• Science and technology changed people's perceptions and beliefs. Age of reason Scientific Revolution
• Copernican telescope


  Tool used to answer people's curiosity. This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed in the heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is the center of the solar system) and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system having the earth revolving around it.)
• The Darwinian revolution provided a different than the "theory of Creation". The Darwinian revolution started when Charles Darwin published his book "The Origin of Species" that emphasizes that humans are the result of an evolution. Survival of the fittest
• Sigmund Freud's theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry. This includes the "Freudian Theory of Personality" that involves the human development contributes to his/her personality and also his "psychoanalysis" that is the process for achieving proper functioning if a human does not complete his/her developmental stage.
• This has been the era in which technology has been prevalent. It is also known as the Computer Age that has brought so much change on how are we living today. Alan Turing – 1936, invented Turing machine (computer)
• Scientific Revolutions in Other Places

  • Meso-America
  • China
  • Asia
  • Middle East
  • Africa
• Meso-America: Aztec civilization military force, Mayan civilization - Astrology and culture - eg, use of Mayan calendar, planting and harvesting time, festive events, -cocoa beans as a currency, religious rituals Tlatchtli – ball game using rubber, Inca civilization - Quipu – knot tying method which is their system of writing - Mita system – labor system
• Middle East: Agriculture: Noria (improved watermill from Romans), Science and Math: Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham – father of modern optics (pinhole camera), mathematician (1-100 numbers), Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī – algorithm and astronomy
• Paradigm shifts


  Changes in the fundamental assumptions within the ruling theory of science
• Most, if not all, of the discoveries and inventions in science and technology during each time period were due to human needs and wants
• Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times and created things that could make life easier for the people
• There have been instances when advancements in science and technology changed people's perceptions and beliefs
• The developments during the Intellectual Revolution showed how society was transformed by science and technology
• Geocentrism


  The belief that the Earth is at the center of the universe
• Heliocentrism


  The belief that the Sun is at the center of the Solar System
• Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the Ptolemaic geocentric model and introduced the heliocentric model
• The Copernican model simplified the orbits for planets and answered issues that could not be explained using the geocentric model
• The Copernican model was initially rejected but eventually accepted, leading to the scientific revolution and transformation of society's thoughts and beliefs
• Theory of evolution


  Populations pass through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive
• Charles Darwin's theory of evolution was controversial as it was perceived to be contradictory to the church's teachings
• The theory of evolution sparked a massive debate between science and religion
• People eventually came to understand that Darwin's theory of evolution was not against the teachings of the church and both can coexist
• Psychoanalysis


  The study that explains human behavior, including conscious and unconscious factors that influence behavior and emotions
• Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis changed people's perception of psychology from an art to a science
• Freud's theory of psychoanalysis faced criticism for lacking scientific basis, but he continued to refine it and eventually psychology was classified as a science
• The Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian revolutions are examples of scientific ideas that transformed and molded societies and beliefs
• Through scientific research and experimentation, people will continue to deepen their understanding of the world and the universe
• Intellectual revolution


  Period where paradigm shifts occurred, where scientific beliefs widely embraced and accepted by people were challenged and opposed
• Charles Darwin


  • Known for his evolution by natural selection, formulated in his book "On the Origin of Species" in 1859
  • The theory describes how organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits
  • The changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment can help it survive and have more offspring
• Middle East


  • Known for their machine designed and improvement for irrigation, industrial work and war
  • The windmill and watermill are used for crushing sugarcanes, grinding grain, and pumping water
• Coffee


  Developed as a consumable drink that spread to Arabia and then throughout the world
• Shift from geocentric to heliocentric

  1. Tycho Brahe's careful observation of the star, Cassiopeia

  2. Johannes Kepler's said that all planets move in elliptical orbits and the sun at the center

  3. Galileo Galilie's developed his own telescope and observed Venus

  4. Sir Isaac Newton's law of gravitation
• Quipos


  • Used by the Incan for book-keeping
• Darwinian Revolution


  • All life on Earth is connected and related to each other
  • This diversity of life came about because of the modifications in populations that were driven by natural selection
• Rubber


  • Used in the Maya ball game called tlatchtli
• Copernican Revolution


  • Influences conceptual changes in cosmology, religion, physics, and philosophy
  • Changes the belief of the people about the placement of the Earth
• Theory of evolution


  • Has two main points
• Maya


  • Developed an accurate calendar