NINFOR 1

• Primary sources


  • Original materials from which other research is based
  • First formal appearance of results in physical, print, or electronic format
  • From the time period involved
  • Not filtered through interpretation or evaluation
  • Events described as they happen without commentary
  • Present original thinking, report of discovery, or sharing of new information
• Benefits of primary sources

  • Provide the most current information
  • Ideally should be the source for answering questions
  • Keep abreast of professional news
  • Keep up with new developments in pathophysiology, diagnostic agents, and therapeutic regimens
  • Distinguish useful from useless or harmful therapy, management, or treatment
  • Learn how another clinician handled particular problem evidence-based practices
  • Enhance communication or share opinions with other healthcare professionals and consumers
  • Obtain continuing education credits or prepare for board certifications or exams
• Limitations of primary sources

  • Data on journals no guarantee as accurate
  • Some articles may possess inadequacies
  • Data may become inconsistent as technology and research improve and advance
• Secondary sources


  • Analysis, interpretations, and evaluations of primary sources
  • Less easily defined than primary sources
  • Generally written after the fact and influenced by hindsight or higher level of understanding about the situation
  • Not evidence, but a commentary on and discussion of evidence
• Benefits of secondary sources

  • Valuable tools for quick and selective screening of primary literature for specific information, data, citation, and articles
  • Can provide sufficient information
  • May serve as references
• Limitations of secondary sources

  • Relying only on 1 source or service can hinder thoroughness of literature search
  • Reviews limited number of journals or sources
  • Lag time interval between article publication and citation of that article
• Tertiary sources


  • Distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources
  • Index, organize, or compile other sources
  • Usually sources are not credited to one author
• Benefits of tertiary sources

  • Good source to look up for facts and get general overview of the subject
  • General reference textbooks can provide easy and convenient access of related topics
  • Computer databases are convenient and easy to use, and updated more frequently
• Limitations of tertiary sources

  • Take several years to publish information available in textbooks might not include the most recent developments
  • Authors might not have conducted thorough search of primary literature pertinent data might have been omitted
• Internet


  • Worldwide system of computer networks conceived by Advance Research Project Agency (ARPA) of US government in 1969
  • Initially aimed to create network for communication among researchers from one university to another
  • Comprises of thousands of smaller regional networks around the globe to allow communication between connected computers and online users
  • A public, cooperated, and self-sustaining facility accessible to all people worldwide
• Application


  • A program or group of programs designed for the end user
  • Systems software and application software
  • End-user programs
  • Include database programs, word processors, web browsers, and spreadsheets
• Computer-aided Instruction (CAI)


  • Program of instructional material presented by means of a computer or computer systems
  • Enhance teacher instructions
• Benefits of the Internet

  • Expands ability to search for topics or studies recently published or discussed in media
  • Many available search engines can be used to procure available information or data
• Limitations of the Internet


  • Some information published in internet may not be reviewed prior to its release
  • May only be as reliable as the individual or organization who posted it and users who read and comment on its content
  • Web sites are always changing and may not exist after several years
  • Important to document when and where found in internet
  • Nurses should use traditional literature evaluation skills to determine accurate information in web sites
• Application and Implication of Nursing Informatics

  • Health information literacy and skills
  • Health informatics skills using the HIMS, EHR, and EMR
  • Privacy and security of health information
• Health information literacy and skills

  • Levels of informatics competencies (Benner's Theory)
  • Beginning nurse
  • Experienced nurse
  • Informatics nurse specialist
  • Informatics innovators
• Competencies for student nurses

  • Use of information and technology to:
  • Communicate
  • Gain knowledge
  • Manage resources
  • Mitigate errors
  • Evaluate the nursing process
• Privacy and security of information

  • RA 10173 – Data Privacy Act of 2012
  • Data privacy act as applied in nursing practice protecting client information in the age of breaches should have guidelines for nurses to avoid data breach
• RA 10173: Data Privacy Act of 2012


  • Key roles in the data privacy act:
  • Data subjects (individuals)
  • Personal information controller (PIC)
  • Personal information processor (PIP)
  • Data protection officer (DPO)
  • National privacy commission (NPC)
• Data subjects (individuals)


  • Right to be informed
  • Right to object
  • Right to access
  • Right to data portability
  • Right to correct (rectification)
  • Right to file a complaint
  • Right to damages
  • Right to erasure or blocking
• Personally identifiable information (PII)

  • Personal data
  • Used to identify a specific individual
  • Personal information, sensitive personal information, privileged information
• Sensitive personal information


  • Race, color, ethnic origin
  • Age and marital status
  • Blood type and other health information
  • Religious and philosophical affiliation
  • Education
  • Genetics and sexual life
  • All government-issued ID's
  • Bank and credit/debit card numbers and information
  • Websites visited and materials downloaded
  • Proceedings for any offense committed or alleged to have been committed
• Personal data life cycle

  • Student personal information = maximum of 5 years (unless with regulations from BON/PRC/CHED)
  • Schools should incorporate consent (for disclosure of information) and waivers (time frame of data storage) upon enrollment 18 y/o and above
  • BIR has perpetual right to keep tax records/info data for life
• Adherence to data privacy principles

  • Transparency use of consent
  • Legitimate purpose
  • Proportionality processing of information shall be adequate, relevant, suitable, necessary, and not excessive in relation to a declared and specified purpose
• HIMS


  • Manages both the clinical and nonclinical aspects
  • Includes clinical text messaging system and integration of evidence-based practice resources
• Tasks of hospital's NI department

  • Hardware oversight
  • Software liaisons and implementors
  • Center for interdepartmental communication
  • Multimedia users
  • Proponents for NI-specific policies
  • Audit and analytics
  • Project managers
• Electronic medical record (EMR)


  • Digital equivalent of patient's chart
  • Within hospital only
• Electronic health record (EHR)


  • Digital chart with more functions and capabilities
  • With information for inter-hospital exchange
• Components of EMR


  • Health information and data
  • Results management
  • Order entry management
  • Decision support
  • Electronic communication and connectivity
  • Patient support
  • Administrative support
• Nursing informatics in actual clinical setting

  • Electronic medical record (EMR)
  • Electronic medical chart
  • Nurses notes sheet – not mandatory
  • FDAR format
  • 90% from head to toe assessment checklist, 10% only from FDAR nurses notes
  • Vital signs sheet – include both Celsius and Fahrenheit
  • Automated medication dispensing system (Pyxis machine)
  • Dispensing is done by pharmacist-tech
  • With own drug handbook
  • Pyxis robot – "courier"
  • Computer on wheels (COWS)
  • Inclusion of EMR and Pyxis
  • Electronic charting system
  • Radio frequency identification (RFID)
  • Motion 5 tablet PC – can take photos of client's condition (Ex: wounds)
  • Palm's phone – updating of client via phone messaging within the hospital (clinical text messaging system)