FUNDAMENTALS

• Ethics


  Right and wrong conduct and character
• Basic Terms in Ethics

  • Autonomy
  • Beneficence
  • Nonmaleficence
  • Justice
  • Fidelity
• Autonomy


  Freedom from external control
• Beneficence


  Taking positive actions to help others
• Nonmaleficence


  Avoidance of harm or hurt
• Fidelity


  Agreement to keep promises
• Professional Nursing Code of Ethics


  • Advocacy
  • Responsibility
  • Accountability
  • Confidentiality
  • Social Networking
• Advocacy


  Patients advocate
• Responsibility


  Taking something that it is your job or duty to deal with
• Accountability


  Ability to answer for one's actions
• Confidentiality


  Respect patient privacy
• Social Networking


  Can provide emotional support when you encounter hardship at work
• Deontology


  • Proposes a system of ethics that defines actions as right or wrong based on adherence to rules and principles such as fidelity to promises, truthfulness, and justice
  • Looks at the act itself and judges its "rightness" by the rules or principles it upholds
• Utilitarianism


  • A system of ethics that proposes that the value of something is determined by its usefulness
  • The greatest good for the greatest number of people is the greatest principle of utilitarianism
  • It measures the effect that an act will have
• Casuistry


  • A case-based reasoning turns away from conventional principles of ethics to determine the best action and focuses instead on the details of the situation
• Feminist Ethics


  • It notes the limitations of the anthology and utilitarianism scholars who focus on differences between genders especially women's point of view developed by critical conventional ethical philosophies
  • It looks to the nature of relationships to guide participants in making difficult decisions especially relationships in which power is unequal or in which the point of view has become ignored or invisible
• Ethics of Care


  • It offers an alternative view to utilitarianism and Deontology
  • It emphasizes the role of the decision-makers in the situation
  • The decision maker lies in the context of the situation relating to the people involved
• Values


  Personal belief about the work of a given idea, altitude, custom, or object that set standards that influence behavior
• Values Clarification


  Learn to tolerate differences in a way that often becomes key to the resolution of ethical dilemmas
• Processing Ethical Dilemma


  1. Step 1: Is this an ethical dilemma?

  2. Step 2: Gather as much information as possible that is relevant

  3. Step 3: Examine and determine the values of the issue

  4. Step 4: Name/ verbalize the problem by agreeing to a statement of the problem

  5. Step 5: Consider possible course of action and which options are possible in this situation

  6. Step 6: Negotiate the outcome

  7. Step 7: Evaluate the outcome
• DNR


  Do not Resuscitate, common in elderly people
• Communication and Nursing Practice

  • Interaction
  • Lifelong learning process
  • Exchange of information (including talking and listening to others)
  • Ongoing and continuously changing process
• Importance of Communication


  • To have an understanding bet, the nurse and patient
  • Create relationship
  • Positive work environment – build friendships
  • Social support
  • Feedback
• Hildegard Peplau


  • Establishing caring relationship
  • Express caring by becoming sensitive to self and others, promoting and accepting positive and negative feelings, developing a caring relationship, instilling faith and hope, promoting interpersonal teaching and learning, providing supportive environment, allowing for spiritual expression
• Levels of Communication


  • Intrapersonal Communication
  • Interpersonal Communication
  • Small- Group Communication
  • Public Communication
  • Electronic Communication
• Intrapersonal Communication


  Internal communication that takes place within an individual. This can be thought of as self-talk or inner dialogue.
• Interpersonal Communication


  An exchange of information between two or more people. It is also an area of research that seeks to understand how humans use verbal and nonverbal cues to accomplish several personal and relational goals.
• Small- Group Communication


  Interactions among three or more people who are connected through a common purpose mutual influence and a shared identity. It is an important communication unit in an academic professional civic and personal context.
• Public Communication


  Any material that is communicated to the public either directly or through the media in broadcast or electronic form. It is the practice of dispersing a message to the general populace or a specific group using various tools and methods.
• Electronic Communication


  Any form of communication that's broadcast transmitted stored or viewed using electronic media such as computers, phones, email, and video.
• Circular Transactional Model


  • Referent
  • Sender and Receiver
  • Messages
  • Channels
  • Feedback
• Referent


  Motivate one person to communicate with another
• Sender and Receiver


  Encode and deliver messages. Sender puts message into verbal and nonverbal. Receiver receive and decodes the message.
• Messages


  The content of the communication
• Channels


  Means of sending and receiving messages
• Feedback


  Indicates whether the receiver understood the meaning of the message. Occurs continuously between the receiver and sender.
• Forms of Communication


  • Verbal Communication
  • Nonverbal communication
• Verbal Communication


  • Spoken or written words. Includes vocabulary, denotative and connotative meanings, pacing, intonation, clarity and brevity, timing and relevance.
• Nonverbal communication


  • Includes 5 senses (vision, smell, touch, hearing, taste). Includes territoriality and personal space, personal appearance, posture and gait, facial expression, eye contact, gesture, sound, meta-communication.
• Professional Nursing Relationships


  • Nurse- Patient Relationship
  • Nurse-Family Relationship
  • Nurse- Health Care Team Relationships
  • Nurse- Community Relationship