C6

• Reactivity series


  Metals can be arranged in order of their reactivity from their reactions with water and dilute acids

  
• Metals in order of reactivity

  • Potassium
  • Sodium
  • Lithium
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
  • Zinc
  • Iron
  • Copper

  
• Non-metals hydrogen and carbon are often included in the reactivity series
• Displacement reaction


  A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from a compound
• Gold is the second to last element in the reactivity series as it is very unreactive, so it is found in the Earth as the metal itself
• Functional group


  Part of a molecule that determines its chemical properties
• Most metals are found as compounds that require chemical reactions to extract the metal
• Homologous series


  A series of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties
• Prefixes for alkanes


  • Meth-
  • Eth-
  • Prop-
  • But-

  
• Suffixes for functional groups

  • Alkanes - ane
  • Alkenes - ene
  • Alcohols - ol
  • Carboxylic acids - anoic acid
• Naming organic compounds


  1. Use prefix for number of carbons

  2. Use suffix for functional group
• Evidence


  Limited because of the time scale of 4.6 billion years
• Alkanes


  • C-C // C-H
• Alkenes


  • C=C
• Extracting metals less reactive than carbon

  Reduction of their oxides with carbon
• Alcohols


  • OH
• Carboxylic acids


  • -COOH
• Formation of the early atmosphere

  1. Intense volcanic activity released gases

  2. Atmosphere may have been like Mars and Venus (mainly CO2 with little or no O2)

  3. Volcanoes produced nitrogen which gradually built up

  4. Water vapour condensed to form oceans, CO2 dissolved and carbonates precipitated
• Drawing structural formulae


  Use fully displayed formulae for first four members of alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and carboxylic acids

  
• Reduction


  Involves the loss of oxygen
• Development of oxygen-rich atmosphere

  1. Algae and plants produced O2 by photosynthesis

  2. Oxygen first appeared about 2.7 billion years ago

  3. Percentage of oxygen gradually increased over the next billion years to enable animal evolution
• Predicting products of reactions

  1. Combustion of alkanes

  2. Addition of bromine to alkenes

  3. Oxidation of alcohols to carboxylic acids

  
• Greenhouse effect


  Greenhouse gases (water vapour, CO2, CH4) absorb infrared radiation from the Earth, warming the atmosphere
• Addition polymerisation


  Involves the removal of a C=C double bond from an alkene (monomer) to produce a polymer
• Repeat unit in addition polymer

  Monomer without the C=C double bond
• Greenhouse gases maintain temperatures on Earth high enough to support life
• Condensation polymerisation


  A small molecule is formed as a by-product each time a bond is formed between two monomers
• Greenhouse gas effect


  1. Electromagnetic radiation from the Sun passes through the atmosphere

  2. Earth absorbs some radiation and warms up

  3. Some heat is radiated from the Earth as infrared radiation

  4. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb some of this infrared radiation, warming the atmosphere
• Electrolysis


  Used to extract metals more reactive than carbon, like aluminium, from their molten compounds
• Monomers for condensation polymers

  • Diol (2 alcohol groups)
  • Dicarboxylic acid (2 carboxylic acid groups)

  
• Forming a condensation polymer

  Reaction of a diol and a dicarboxylic acid, losing water to form an ester
• Human activities increase levels of CO2 and CH4
• Functional groups for condensation polymers

  Alcohol + carboxylic acid -> polyester

  Amine + carboxylic acid -> polyamide

  Amino acid -> protein

  
• Human activities increasing greenhouse gases

  • Driving (CO2)
  • Raising livestock (cows - CH4)
• Representing condensation polymers


  Use block diagrams with each square representing a repeat unit
• Based on peer-reviewed evidence, many scientists believe human activities will cause the Earth's temperature to increase and result in global climate change
• Making a condensation polymer

  Heat together alcohol + carboxylic acid in presence of acid catalyst
• Large amounts of energy are used in the extraction process to melt the compounds and produce the electrical current
• It is difficult to model such complex systems as global climate change, leading to simplified models, speculation and biased opinions in the media
• Deducing structure of addition polymer

  Remove C=C from monomer to get repeat unit, then repeat this and put brackets around with 'n' outside