EXAM GENBIO

• Xylem


  Transports water and minerals in an upward direction. Its tracheary elements consist of cells: tracheids and vessel members.
• Translocation


  Moves the sugar in the phloem to the parts that need it.
• Macronutrients from air and water

  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
• Macronutrients from soil

  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
• Micronutrients in soil

  • Boron
  • Chlorine
  • Copper
  • Iron
  • Manganese
  • Molybdenum
  • Nitrogen
  • Zinc
• Asexual


  Reproductive mode where offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
• Parthenogenesis


  Reproductive mode where an egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized.
• Sexual


  Sexual reproductive mode involving the combination of haploid reproductive cells from two individuals.
• Auxin


  Plant hormone that promotes cell growth and elongation of the plant.
• Plant tissue culture


  Technique of growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in an artificial nutrient medium under sterile conditions.
• Pit


  Allows water transport.
• Vessel Element


  Dies as a plant matures, causing dip hollows in trees.
• Tracheids


  As thin as hair.
• Xylem Parenchyma Cell


  Provides storage and contributes to lateral transport.
• Root Pressure


  Water is collected at the roots, creating pressure.
• Root Pressure


  Causes guttation and can move xylem sap a few meters at most.
• Intake of water in roots increases the water potential

  Water moves through roots by osmosis.
• When stomata is closed at night

  Guttation occurs.
• Leaf margins must exude water

  As if too much water is evaporated, the plant will dehydrate.
• Surface Tension

  Forms between hydrogen molecules.
• Adhesion

  Molecular attraction between unlike molecules.
• Cohesion


  Molecular attraction in like molecules.
• Phloem


  Transports water and minerals in an upward direction.
• Sieve tube element


  • Long, narrow, with sieve plates at ends; no nucleus, ribosomes, vacuole.
• Translocation


  Forms the sugar from source to sink.
• Macronutrients from air and water

  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
• Macronutrients from soil

  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
• Micronutrients in soil

  • Boron
  • Chlorine
  • Copper
  • Iron
  • Manganese
  • Molybdenum
  • Nitrogen
  • Zinc
• Auxin


  Promotes cell growth and elongation of the plant.
• Ethylene


  Stimulates the opening of flowers, fruit ripening, and immunity.
• Abscissic acid (ABA)


  Regulates plant growth, development, and stress responses.
• Cytokinin (CK)


  Stimulates seed development, cell expansion, and cell differentiation.
• Nectarine


  Released by certain trees to attract insects.
• Asexual


  Offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
• Parthenogenesis


  An egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized.
• Sexual


  Combination of haploid reproductive cells from two individuals.
• External Fertilization


  Occurs outside the female body.
• Internal Fertilization


  Occurs inside the female body.
• Scrotum

  Sac-like structure that carries and supports the testes.
• Penis


  Delivers urine and is used in copulation.