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• Scientific revolution


  Period in the 16th and 17th century when scientific ideas underwent significant changes, leading to the emergence of modern science
• Scientific revolution


  • Developments in math, physics, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society and nature
  • Scientists and scientific journals were notable innovations which were developed as tools to communicate new information comprehensively and test the discoveries and hypotheses made by their authors
• Nicholas Copernicus


  • The astronomer who proposed that the solar system was heliocentric
  • He also proposed that the Earth is spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun
  • In 1543, he wrote the book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres)
  • He also reputed Ptolemy's "equant point"
• William Gilbert


  • The Father of electricity and magnetism
  • In 1600, he published books entitled, *On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and that Great Magnet the Earth
  • Gilbert provided a hyper-empirical study of magnets, magnetism and electricity with speculation about cosmology
• Tycho Brahe


  • Copernicus's theory was then supported by the work of the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe
  • Known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations
  • Advocated the Geo heliocentric theory or the Tychonic theory
  • In 1572, he discovered a new star in the Cassiopeia formation the "Tycho's Star" or "The Star of 1572"
  • Brahe invented many instruments such as the Tychonian Quadrant
• Johannes Kepler


  • He used Brahe's data to calculate the orbits of the planets
  • He discovered the three laws of planetary motion that bear his name, which was published in 1609 and 1619
  • He also published, Cosmographic Mystery
  • The Kepler space telescope was a space telescope launched by NASA
• Sir Francis Bacon


  • An English Renaissance statesman and philosopher, best known for his promotion of the scientific method of investigation
  • He published Novum Organum in 1620
  • Outlined a new system of logic based process known as the Baconian method
• Galileo Galilei


  • In 1608, he invented the telescope called the Spyglass
  • In 1609, he constructed his first telescope
  • In 1610, he observed the phases of Venus
  • He also discovered the sunspots and Saturn's Rings wherein he thought was "handles"
• Rene Descartes


  • Just like Francis Bacon, he used scientific method
  • In 1637 published the book Discourse on the Method Discourse on the Method of Properly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking the Truth in the sciences
  • Containing the book is the method he formulated, that has four rules: Rule of Certainty, Rule of the Analysis, Rule of the Synthesis, Rule of the List
• Antoine van Leeuwenhoek


  • The Father of Microbiology
  • The First Microbiologist in the World
  • He designed around 1668 and invented the first practical microscope
• Isaac Newton


  • A key figure in the Scientific Revolution of the 17th Century
  • Used mathematics in determining the position of the planets
  • Coined the unseen force as Gravity
  • Newton invented calculus
  • Together with Joseph Raphson, they formulated the Newton-Raphson Method
  • He invented the 3 laws of Motion: Inertia, F= ma, Equal & Opposite
• Alexander Koyre


  • Best known as a philosopher of science
  • In 1930s he introduced the term "Scientific Revolution"
  • The term was then popularized by Herbert Butterfield in his book "The Origins of Modern Science"
• John Locke


  • One of the greatest philosophers in Europe at the end or 7th Century
  • Best known for is Political theory
  • Argued that ideas come from two "fountains" of experience
  • Tabula rasa is Locke's philosophy
• Robert Boyle


  • Best known as a natural philosopher particularly in the field of chemistry
  • Regarded today as the first modern chemist
  • He presented the boyle's Law in 1662
  • He built an Air pump or vacuum pump
  • Boyle was also an advocate of corpuscularism
  • Rejected the Aritotelian elements, he then defined it as, "certain primitive and simple, or perfectly unmingled bodies; which not being made of any other bodies, or of one another, are the ingredients of which all those called perfectly mixt bodies are immediately compounded, and into which they are ultimately resolved"
• Refracting telescope


  • From the Greek words "far" (telos) and skopein meaning "to see, to look"
  • It first appeared in the Netherlands around 1608
  • Hans Lippershey demonstrated the first retracting telescope, with the association of his son Zacharias Janssen
  • Then later on, Jacob Metius of of Alkmaarall patented this invention creating Optical telescope
  • Galileo Galilei also invented his own telescope which was then innovated by Johannes Kepler
• Barometer


  • Invented by an Italian physicists and mathematician Evangelista Torricelli (1607-1647)
  • Barometer is a scientific instrument that is used to measure air pressure in a certain environment
• The scientific revolution, which emphasized systematic experimentation as the most valid research method, resulted in developments in mathematics physics, astronomy and chemistry
• These developments transferred the views of society about nature
• By the end of this period, Science has gained its popularity, replacing Christianity as the focal point of European civilization
• Genius


  A person with great intelligence, who shows an exceptional natural capacity of intellect
• Nicholas Copernicus


  • Known because of his creative and original work
  • Renaissance Man
  • Italian polymath, having been a scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, scriptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer
• Copernicus was born and died in Royal Prussia, a region that had been part of the Kingdom of Poland since 1466
• Copernicus: '"To know that we know, and to know that we do not know what we do not know, that is true knowledge."'
• Johannes Kepler


  • German Mathematician
  • Astronomer and Astrologer
• Johannes Kepler: '"I prefer the sharpest criticism of a single intelligent man to the thoughtless approval of the masses."'
• Galileo Galilei


  • Italian Astronomer
  • Physicist
  • Engineer
  • Philosopher
  • Mathematician
• Leonardo da Vinci


  • Could draw forward with one hand writing backward with the other, producing a mirror image script
  • Wrote out ideas filling 20,000 pages of notes which are still studied today
• Leonardo's paintings


  • The annunciation
  • Portrait of Mona Lisa also known as Gioconda 1504
  • Lady with an Ermine
  • The last supper
  • St. John the Baptist
• Architectural designs during renaissance

  • Piazza San Pietro architectural style is the late renaissance and baroque
  • Saint Peter's basilica
  • Renaissance chateau (France)
• Scales


  Until the industrial era, there were no significant advances in the weighing scale. Richard Salter, a british balance make, invented the spring scale around 1770
• Parachutes


  The conical parachute was designed by Leonardo in the 15th century. It was intended as an escape device to allow people to jump. There is no evidence that it was ever used, but many believe it was precursor to modern parachutes
• Screwdriver


  It is thought that the earliest documented screwdrivers were used in europe in the middle ages. The screwdriver remained inconspicuous however, as evidence of its existence throughout the next 300 years is based primarily on the presence of screws
• Flush toilet


  In 1590s John harington, godson to queen elizabeth I of england, invented a flushing toilet. The toilet let water out of a tank and down a pipe to clean the bowl. He installed one for the Queen, but she was not impressed, and the invention did not catch on
• Blood transfusion


  In 1626, English physician William Harvey discovered the circulation of blood. In 1665, the first recorded successful blood transfusion occurred in England. Physician Richard Lower keeps dogs alive by transfusion of blood from other dogs
• On the Nature of Things


  A medieval encyclopedia on ancient astronomy that discusses the sun and moon, the stars, eclipses, etc.
• Medieval Times, Middle Ages, and Dark Ages

  The ages being referred to the same period of time from 500 to 1500 AD, covering the time from the fall of the Roman Empire to the rise of the Ottoman Empire
• Europe experienced an intellectual revitalization, especially with regard to the investigation of the natural world
• Fall of western roman empire in 5th century
• With the fall of the Roman Empire, the ancient texts were lost and no one in the west could transcribe if ever there were texts found
• The surviving literature was all written in Greek and almost no one in the post roman spoke, and the only literate people that were left at the time could only speak Latin. As a result many of Plato and Aristotle's works could not be deciphered