Cell Structure

    Cards (15)

    • Describe the structure of a typical bacterial cell
      1. Bacterial cells have many different shapes - some are round, some are rod-shaped and some are spiral - but they are all prokaryotic cells
      2. In bacterial cells, the roles of mitochondria and chloroplasts are taken over by the cytoplasm
      3. Plasmids are present, which are circles of DNA that can be transferred from one cell to another
      4. Plasmids allow bacterial cells to move genes from one cell to another
    • A Typical Animal Cell
      • Nucleus - controls the activities of the cell and contains the genetic material
      • Cytoplasm - where most of the chemical reactions take place
      • Cell membrane - controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell
      • Mitochondria - where aerobic respiration takes place
      • Ribosomes - where proteins are synthesised (made)
    • All cells have structures inside them - these are called sub-cellular structures
    • Plant Cells
      • Cell wall made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell
      • Permanent vacuole filled with cell sap, which supports the plant
      • Chloroplasts - absorb light to make food (glucose) by photosynthesis
    • Plant cells and algal cells contain all the sub-cellular structures found in animal cells
    • Plant, animal and fungal cells are all eukaryotic
    • Bacterial cells are prokaryotic
    • Prokaryotic cells
      • Genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus
      • Genetic material is a single DNA loop and there may be one or more small rings of DNA, called plasmids
      • They do not contain mitochondria or chloroplasts
    • Prokaryotic cells are much smaller in size
    • Plasmid DNA
      A small, commonly circular, section of DNA that can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA
    • Plasmids have become very useful to scientists. They allow genes to be inserted into bacteria in genetic engineering
    • Prokaryotic cells are much simpler in structure than eukaryotic cells. That is why scientists think that they developed before eukaryotic cells
    • Cell wall provides structural support to the bacteria (is not made of cellulose)
    • Chromosomal DNA: the DNA of bacteria is not found within a nucleus and is usually found as one circular chromosome
    • Flagella: tail-like structures that rotate to help some bacteria move
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