FUNDA LAB || OXYGENATION

• Oxygenation is the method by which oxygen is supplemented at higher percentages than what is available in atmospheric air.
• Hypoxia - low O2 in the cell, Hypoxemia - low O2 in the blood.
• Sources of Therapeutic Oxygen:

  1. Wall Outlets
  2. Oxygen Cylinders.
• Do not use oil on oxygen equipment, for it can ignite if exposed to oxygen.
• With all oxygen delivery systems, the oxygen is turned on before the mask is applied to the client.
• Always be careful when you give high levels of oxygen to a client with COPD. The elevated levels of oxygen in the patient’s body can depress their stimulus to breathe.
• Discontinue oxygen only after a physician has evaluated the client. Generally, you should not abruptly discontinue oxygen given in medium-to-high concentrations.
• Purpose of Steam Inhalation:

  1. to liquify mucous secretions
  2. to warm and humidify inspired air.
  3. to relieve edema of airways.
  4. to administer medications.
• In administering steam inhalation, place the spout 12-18 inches away from the client’s nose or adjust the distance as necessary.
• Render steam inhalation therapy for 15-20 minutes.
• Bronchial Hygiene Measures:

  1. Steam Inhalation
  2. Aerosol Inhalation
  3. Medimist Inhalation
• BRONCHIAL HYGIENE MEASURS: Aerosol Inhalation - done among pediatric clients to administer bronchodilators or mucolytic – expectorants.
• BRONCHIAL HYGIENE MEASURES: Medimist Inhalation - Done among adult clients to administer bronchodilators or mucolytic – expectorants.
• Aerosol Inhalation Device: Metered-dose inhalers -contains a canister (the cylinder) and an actuator (operator of the device), and sometimes a spacer. The canister is connected with a metering dose valve with the actuator.
• Suctioning - a technique for removing the liquid secretions with a catheter using a negative (vacuum) pressure.
• Purpose of Suctioning:

  1. To remove secretions obstructing the airways.
  2. To facilitate respiration
  3. to obtain a specimen for diagnostic purpose
  4. To remove accumulated secretions that cause infection.
  5. To stimulate coughing and deep breathing.
• Types of Suctioning:

  1. Nasopharyngeal Suctioning - through a nasally inserted catheter.
  2. Oropharyngeal Suctioning - through an orally inserted catheter.
  3. Oral Suctioning - performed with a suctioning device called Yankaeur-tip.
  4. Tracheostomy suctioning - inserted approximately 4-5 inches. Inserted through the tracheostomy tube rather than the nose.
• Sterile suctioning kit equipment:

  1. Appropriate-sized catheter.
  2. Pair of Gloves
  3. Container for saline to flush and lubricate catheter.
  4. Sterile saline
  5. Water-resistant disposal bag.
  6. Facial tissues
  7. Towel (optional)
• Equipment required for nasal and tracheal suctioning:

  1. Negative pressure source
  2. Suction canister
  3. Connective tubing
  4. Suction catheter
• Suctioning Devices:

  1. Suction catheter
  2. Mushroom tip nasal aspirator
  3. Bulb syringe
  4. Neosucker
  5. Yankauer
• Pressure of Suctioning Equipment: Wall Unit

  1. Adult: 100-120 mmHg
  2. Child: 95-110 mmHg
  3. Infant: 50-95 mmHg
• Pressure of Suctioning Equipment: Portable Unit

  1. Adult: 10-15 mmHg
  2. Children: 5-10 mmHg
  3. Infant: 2-5 mmHg
• Appropriate size of suctioning catheter:

  1. Adult: Fr. 12-18
  2. Child: Fr. 8-10
  3. Infant: Fr. 5-8
• Appropriate lubricants in Oro and Nasopharyngeal Suctioning:

  1. Nasopharyngeal Suction Tip: water-soluble lubricant
  2. Oropharyngeal Suction Tip: sterile water or NSS
• In oro and nasopharyngeal suctioning, advance catheter to depth of 5-6 inches (12.5 - 15 cm): nose or 3-4 inches (7.5-10 cm): mouth.
• In oro and nasopharyngeal suctioning, complete suction process for 5-10 seconds (maximum of 15 seconds).
• In oro and nasopharyngeal suctioning, allow 20-30 second interval between suction.
• In suctioning secretions from the airways, turn on suction device and adjust pressure: infants and children, 50 to 75 mmHg; adults, 100 to 120 mmHg
• In terms of gloving, the dominant hand is always sterile.
• Oropharyngeal airway: curved tube - used to provide free passage of air between mouth and pharynx of an unconscious person.
• Oropharyngeal airway: flange - at the buccal end to prevent oro-pharyngeal axis from moving deeper into the mouth.
• Endotracheal tube - a flexible plastic tube that is placed through the mouth into the trachea (windpipe) to help a patient breathe.
• The process of inserting the tube is called endotracheal intubation.
• Laryngoscope: Macintosh - curved blade, for adults.
• Laryngoscope: Magill - straight blade, for children.
• Indications for endotracheal intubation:

  1. For general surgery
  2. To remove a foreign body
  3. To protect the airway against aspiration
  4. To visualize the airway
  5. After lung cancer surgery
  6. To support breathing