CHAPTER 22

• Does oxygen dissolve well in water?

  no
• Blood flow through capillaries:

  1. oxygen is picked up from air in the alveoli
  2. CO2 is unloaded into alveolar air
• Gas exchange, based on differences in partial pressure.
• The rate of pulmonary and systemic circulation depends on the gases that will diffuse from high to low partial pressure is called what?


  Partial pressure differences in gas.
• The rate of pulmonary and systemic circulation depends on the pulmonary disorders decreases the amount of surface area available for gas exchange is calld?

  Surface area available for gas exchange
• The molecular weight and solubility of gases depends on oxygen having a lower molecular weight that CO2, CO2 is more water soluble, and CO2 diffuses 20X faster than O2.
• There are four heme molecules on hemoglobin, each contains an iron molecule that binds an O2 molecule that forms Oxyhemoglobin.
• Po2 = ?

  Partial pressure of oxygen
• The most crucial factor that determines how much oxygen combines with hemoglobin Po2.
• The greater the Po2, the more oxygen will combine with hemoglobin, until the available hemoglobin molecules are saturated.
• Canon dioxide is carried out as:

  1. dissolved CO2, about 7% is dissolved and carried in blood plasma.
  2. Carbomino compounds, about 23%, combines with amino acids and proteins in blood. When bound to the protein hemoglobin carbaminohemoglobin.
  3. Bicarbonate ions, about 70%.
• Carbomino compounds, about 23%, combines with amino acids and proteins in blood. When bound to the protein hemoglobin carbaminohemoglobin.
• CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> HCO3- + H+

  Bicarbonate Ions
• Metabolic needs:

  Within limits, as temperature increases, so does the amount of oxygen released from hemoglobin, active cells require more oxygen, and active cells release acid and heat, and the acid and heat, in turn, stimulate the oxyhemoglobin to release its oxygen
• In an acidic environment, oxygen splits easily from hemoglobin, oxygen is more available for cell metabolism, and this is referred to as the Bohr effect.
• Produces a molecular of CO2 for each O2 it consumes and the tissue has a high Po2?

  Aerobic Respiration
• The oxygen remaining in blood in the blood after it passes the capillary bed provides a venous reserve of oxygen.
• The mediastinal surface exhibits a slit, which the lungs receives the main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves?

  Hilum
• The main bronchi are supported by rings of hyaline cartilage, lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium .
• The bronchial tree has elastic connective tissue, which contribute to the recoil that expels air from lungs.
• The portion of the lung ventilated by one bronchiole is called?

  Pulmonary lobule
• This respiratory group issues output to the VRG that modifies the respiratory rhythm to adapt to varying conditions?

  Dorsal Respiratory Group
• Order of respiration:

  1. Nares
  2. Vestibule
  3. Nasal cavity
  4. Choanae
  5. Nasopharynx
  6. Oropharynx
  7. Laryngopharynx
  8. Larynx
• Ciliated or Non-Ciliated:

  • Alveolar ducts = non-ciliated
  • Alveolus = non-ciliated
  • Terminal Bronchiole = ciliated
  • Bronchiole = ciliated
  • Trachea = ciliated
  • Bronchi = ciliated
• Decreased or Increased Airflow:

  • Decreased levels of Surfactant = decreased
  • Scar tissue from Tuberculosis = decreased
  • Breathing sub-zero temperature = decreased
  • Anaphylactic reaction caused by a bee sting = decreased
  • Bronchodilation caused by using an inhaler to treat asthma = increased
  • Aerobic exercise and increased pulmonary compliance = increased
• Structures that are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system:

  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Main Bronchi
• The rate of oxygen unloading is increased in metabolically tissue due to increased acidity best summarizes what effect?

  Bohr effect
• Gases always move from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.
• During inspiration, the pressure in the alveoli is less than the atmospheric pressure.
• According to Boyle's law, as volume decreases, pressure increases, and as volume increases, pressure decreases.
• During expiration, the atmospheric pressure is less than alveolar pressure.
• as the intercostal muscles relax and the thoracic cavity becomes smaller, the pressure in the alveoli increases.
• When the production of surfactant by great (type II) alveolar cells is insufficient, premature infants typically have trouble keeping their alveoli inflated.
• Carbon dioxide transported in the blood:

  • Bicarbonate ion
  • Dissolved gas
  • Carbaminohemoglobin