Geography

• Microfinance Loans


  This involves people in LICs receiving small loans from traditional banks
• Microfinance Loans


  • Loans enable people to begin their own businesses
  • It's not clear they can reduce poverty at a large scale
• Foreign-direct investment


  This is when one country buys property or infrastructure in another country
• Foreign-direct investment


  • Leads to better access to finance, technology & expertise
  • Investment can come with strings attached that country's will need to comply with
• Aid


  This is given by one country to another as money or resources
• Aid


  • Improve literacy rates, building dams, improving agriculture
  • Can be wasted by corrupt governments or they can become too reliant on aid
• Debt Relief


  This is when a country's debt is cancelled or interest rates are lowered
• Debt Relief


  • Means more money can be spent on development
  • Locals might not always get a say. Some aid can be tied under condition from donor country
• Fair trade


  This is a movement where farmers get a fair price for the goods produced
• Fair trade


  • Paid fairly so they can develop schools & health centres
  • Only a tiny proportion of the extra money reaches producers
• Technology


  Includes tools, machines and affordable equipment that improve quality of life
• Technology


  • Renewable energy is less expensive and polluting
  • Requires initial investment and skills in operating technology
• Jamaica is a LIC island nation part of the Caribbean, located in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba
• Tourism in Jamaica


  • Physical features (climate, sandy beaches) makes Jamaica an attractive place for visitors
  • In 2015, 2.12 million visited
  • Tourism contributes 24% of GDP and will increase to 38% by 2025
  • 200,000 jobs rely on tourism
  • Global recession 2008 caused a decline in tourism. Now tourism is beginning to recover
  • Jobs from tourism have meant more money has been spent in shops and other businesses
  • Government has invested in infrastructure to support tourism
  • New sewage treatment plants have reduced pollution
• Tourists do not always spend much money outside their resorts
• Infrastructure improvements have not spread to the whole island
• Many people in Jamaica still live in poor quality housing and lack basic services such as healthcare
• China is located in Eastern Asia – it shares 14 land borders with other countries such as Russia, India and North Korea. It is the 5th largest country in the world in land size and has the worlds largest population at 1.4 billion
• Influences upon China's development

  • Political: China is part of the Trade bloc ASEAN with 10 other Asian countries (Association of South East Asian Nations). It has a permanent seat on the UN Security Council which gives a lot of influence over world events
  • Social: China famously introduced the 'One child' policy to try to control its rapid population growth. This has recently been relaxed to 2 children – this is to help reduce the impact of an aging population and to ensure China has enforce workers to maintain economic growth in the future
  • Cultural: Not just the food – Chinese New year is celebrated around the world in major cities like London. Mandarin is increasingly being taught in other countries. Hollywood films such as 'The Martian' are increasingly using Chinese characters in positive roles to appeal to the massive potential Chinese audience. China is the largest Communist country
  • Industrial Structures: Since the 1980's China has had a huge amount of FDI (foreign Direct Investment) – last year US$ 124 billion! This has had a massive impact on the structure of the economy through changing employment. PRIMARY: 1978= 70% 2015 = 35%, SECONDARY: 1978= 18% 2015 = 30%, TERTIARY: 1978= 12% 2015 = 35%
• The role of TNCs


  • Many foreign TNCs were encouraged to set up manufacturing in China from the 1980's with special economic zones such as SHENZHEN were APPLE manufactures its iPhone. China offers a large, cheap workforce which cuts the cost of manufacturing. China gains higher paying jobs which create a POSITIVE MULTIPLER EFFECT and gains new knowledge and skills which can be used to develop its own brands such as Huawei
• China is increasingly investing in countries in Africa to find new sources of cheap raw materials. E.g. it owns part of Nigeria's offshore oil field
• Microfinance Loans


  This involves people in LICs receiving small loans from traditional banks
• China has an increasing regional influence in Asia drawing in resources from neighbouring countries
• China's growth is perceived as a threat to the traditional economies of USA and Europe who have introduced quotas and tariffs to control its dominance
• Microfinance Loans


  • Loans enable people to begin their own businesses
  • It's not clear they can reduce poverty at a large scale
• Foreign-direct investment


  This is when one country buys property or infrastructure in another country
• Environmental Impacts


  • Cities like Beijing often suffer from extremely low air quality caused by the use of coal both by industry and for heating homes. The water isn't much better over 50% of the river water in Shanghai is unusable for any purpose. The Gov. is taking steps to improve this
• Aid & Debt relief

  • Over 50% of the aid given by China goes to Africa. China does receive aid mainly from the World Bank - some of which is used to encourage environmental sustainability and reduce rural poverty. Remember per person China is not that wealthy!
• Foreign-direct investment


  • Leads to better access to finance, technology & expertise
  • Investment can come with strings attached that country's will need to comply with
• Aid


  This is given by one country to another as money or resources
• Effects of Economic Development in China

  • GDP per capita- year 2000 = $1000, 2016= $8000
  • Life expectancy- 1995= 70 years, 2016= 76 years
  • HDI score- year 2000= 0.53, 2016= 0.74
• Aid


  • Improve literacy rates, building dams, improving agriculture
  • Can be wasted by corrupt governments or they can become too reliant on aid
• The UK has one of the largest economies in the world
• Debt Relief


  This is when a country's debt is cancelled or interest rates are lowered
• The UK has huge political, economic and cultural influences
• Debt Relief


  • Means more money can be spent on development
  • Locals might not always get a say. Some aid can be tied under condition from donor country
• The UK is highly regarded for its fairness and tolerance
• Fair trade


  This is a movement where farmers get a fair price for the goods produced
• The UK has global transport links i.e. Heathrow and the Eurostar
• Fair trade


  • Paid fairly so they can develop schools & health centres
  • Only a tiny proportion of the extra money reaches producers