PE 2.2

• What does the skeleton provide?

  Support - provides a rigid frame for the soft tissues of the body

  Protection - bones help protect the major organs

  Movement - muscles attached to the bones by tendons move bones by pulling on them
• What is the function of the bone marrow?

  blood cell production
• What is a joint?

  Where two or more bones meet
• Where are there ball and socket joints in the body?

  Shoulder

  Hip
• Where is a pivot joint found?

  Neck
• What type of movement does a pivot joint allow?

  Rotation
• Where are hinge joints found?

  Elbow

  Knee
• What movement do hinge joints allow?

  extension and flexion
• What is flexion?

  Decreasing the angle between two bones and body part
• what is extension?

  Increasing the angle between two bones and body part
• What is adduction?

  Brings parts of the body towards the centre
• What is abduction?

  Moving body parts away from the centre of the body
• What is rotation?

  The angles do not change but the joint moves in a circular motion
• What is circumduction?

  When one end of the limb stays stationary whilst the other end makes a circular motion
• What is a ligament?

  A band of fibrous tissue which attach bone to bone across a joint
• What is cartilage?

  •protects bone

  •tough, smooth tissue that covers the end of bones acts as a shock absorber

  •reduces any friction between bones
• What is a tendon?

  Attach muscle to bone
• What are the three types of muscles?

  Skeletal, smooth, cardiac.
• What is cardiac muscle?

  Form the major part of the heart, and contracts and relaxes continuously to provide the pumping action
• What is smooth muscle?

  Forms the digestive system, the bladder, blood vessels and skin. Not controlled consciously so are called involuntary muscles
• What are skeletal muscles?

  Attached to the skeleton, controlled consciously when the person decides to move, so are called voluntary muscles
• What is the importance of vasodilation?

  Takes more oxygenated blood to the working muscles and removes more waste products such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid

  Helps the body to lose more heat
• What Is the importance of vasoconstriction?

  Helps the body to keep heat in and if an individual overheats performance will decrease

  It also takes blood away from organs such as the stomach
• What is heart rate?

  the number of times the heart beats each minute
• what is stroke volume?

  The volume of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction
• What is cardiac output?

  The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute
• How do we work out cardiac output?

  Heart rate x stroke volume
• What is gas exchange?

  where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged/swapped
• What is the function of the respiratory system?

  •transports de oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

  •Re oxygenates the blood through gas exchange in the alveoli

  •Removes carbon dioxide from the blood at the lungs

  •Returns oxygenated blood to the heart
• What happens during gas exchange?

  Oxygen is put into the blood by the lungs and carbon dioxide is taken out the blood and put into the lungs to be breathed out the mouth
• What is breathing frequency?

  Number of breaths per minute
• What is tidal volume?

  volume of air inhaled and exhaled per breath
• What is minute ventilation?

  Volume of air breathed in or out per minute
• How long of exercise until ATP is used up?

  3-5 seconds
• What is oxygen debt?

  The lack of oxygen and the build up of lactic acid that causes fatigue
• How can we pay oxygen debt?

  By deep breathing so the lactic acid is turned into co2 and water
• What are the short term effects of exercise?

  •increased heart rate and blow flow

  •increased breathing rate

  •sweating and skin redness

  •increased tidal volume

  •lactic acid in the blood
• What are the long term effects exercise?

  •improved cardiovascular health

  •increased tidal volume

  •improved endurance

  •increased production of energy

  •increased bone density

  •increased tolerance to lactic acid

  •muscle hypertophy
• What is the Type 1 muscle fibre?

  Slow twitch

  Speed of contraction = slow

  Force produced = low

  Resistance to fatigue = high

  Colour = red

  Energy system = Aerobic
• What is the Type 2 muscle fibre?

  Fast twitch

  Speed of contraction = fast

  Force produced = medium/high

  Resistance to fatigue = medium/low

  Colour = white

  Energy system = Anaerobic