UTS

• Spiro

  The concept of The Self may be defined as an individual's mental representation of self between others seems to be universal.
• The Self is defined in terms of internal attributes such as traits, abilities, values, and preferences which are descriptive of the independent construal of The Self.
• William James duality theory of self is categorized into"Me and I". "Me"is the person's mental picture of self which can be observed, and the "I" self is the perceiver.
• Humanist psychologist, Carl Rogers, contributed a great deal to this aspect of psychology. He tackled self-concept as a set of perceptions a person has about himself/herself. All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves is an answer to the question "Who am I?" which refers to self-concept.
• Self-image (how you see yourself) influences how an individual think, feel, and behave in an environment.
• Self-Esteem / Self-Worth (how much value you place on yourself) this includes how we compare ourselves to others and how others respond to us.
• Real Self represents actual experiences about what and who we really are, how we think, and how we feel and act; it makes us most comfortable by simply being us.
• Ideal Self our conception of who we want to be and what we want to become. It consists of our goals and ambitions in life and is dynamic.
• True Self also referred to as authentic self: it describes the core of who you are, a sense of conscious, instinctive, and authentic experience.
• False Self also referred to as a social mask and adapted self:it is a part of self that has modified behavior, inhibited feelings, and drives your needs aside to fit in with others.
• Dr. Donald W. Winnicott was an English psychoanalyst who introduced the concepts of TRUE SELF and FALSE SELF in human personality.
• The Physical Self is an aspect of The Self that is embedded in the body, it is the categorical aspect of the person that can be directly observed and studied.
• Self-image is our mental picture of ourselves.
• A healthy self-image starts with learning to accept ourselves and being loved by others.
• A positive self-image can boost our physical, mental, social, emotional, and spiritual well-beings, thus, creating high seli-esteem.
• The Physical Self refers to the body and pertains to the physical structure and material substances of a human being. It is expressed through behavioral patterns, sensations, and movement.
• The development of Physical Self commences during the prenatal period, which is divided into three stages; the germinal stage, the embryonic stage, and the fetal stage.
• The germinal stage occurs during the first two weeks of development where the sperm and egg cells unite to form a zygote.
• The embryonic stage occurs between the second to eighth week, or the end of the germinal stage to two months after conception.
• The fetal stage, or the final stage, occurs between the eighth week to birth.
• Physical self-concept represents a mental image of one's own body that is formed in our minds (Schilder, 1999) and is not necessari ly related to the actual physical appearance of an individual (Cash, 1997).
• In most modern definitions, body image involves two key elements: a mental picture of one's physical body (including size, shape, and appearance) and one's attitude towards the physical self (such as thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about one's body).
• Self-esteem reflects an individual's overall subjective emotional evaluation of his or her own worth.
• Four major factors that influence self-esteem by Argyle (1975)

  1. The reaction of others
  2. Comparison with others
  3. Social Roles
  4. Identification
• Sex is the biological and anatomical assignment of an individual.
• Secondary sex characteristics are physical specific traits that delineate a man from a woman which has been brought about by an increasing amount of testosterone among males and an increasing amount of estrogen in females.
• Erogenous zones are areas in the human body that are sensitive to stimulations that could elicit sexual responses. The Greek word eros means to love, and generous is an English word that means procreating and producing.
• Human sexuality can be defined as a human sexual behavior from a bio-psycho-sociocultural-emotional-spiritual perspective. It is a multidimensional and multifaceted expression of one's unique sensuality, intimate sexual identity, and sexualization.
• Sexual Orientation

  • Enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectionate attraction toward others.

  • May not be expressed in their behavior
• Gender Identity

  • psychological sense of being male or female

  • individuals' concepts of themselves
• Sexual Behavior

  • refers to sexual activity and expression
• Gender/Social gender role

  • adherence to cultural norms for feminine and masculine behavior

  • one's role assignment, one's masculinity or femininity
• Robert Weiss' description of human sexuality variables:

  1. Heterosexual
  2. Homosexual
  3. Bisexual
  4. Gender Dhysporia
• Thelarche which refers to the changes in breast, scrotum, and testes.
• Adrenarche where public and/or underarm hair appears.
• Menarche as the first menstrual flow.
• Gonadarche where the growth of ovaries in girls and of testes in boys occurs owed to an increase in the production of the sex steroids and testosterone.
• Lust

  • Testosterone and estrogen
• Attraction

  • dopamine, norepin ephrine, and serotonin
• Attachment

  • oxytocin and vasopressin