cell membrane 2

• Semipermeable


  Allows some substances to pass through but not others
• Cytoplasm


  The jelly-like substance inside a cell that contains all the cell components
• Cell wall


  Provides shape and support for the cell
• Endoplasmic reticulum


  A series of folded membranes that provide a large surface area for chemical reactions
• Complex


  A series of corals that
• Endoplasmic Reticulum


  Can be rough or smooth, involved in protein production, packaging and transport
• Peroxisome


  Organelle that breaks down lipids and some toxins
• Ribosomes


  Small structures associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, involved in protein production
• Mitochondria


  Large structure in the middle of the cell, surrounded by a membrane, provides energy (ATP) for the cell
• Vacuole


  Large rounded structure containing water, nutrients, waste or other materials
• Flagella


  Long finger-like structure used for locomotion in some cells
• Nucleus


  Large rounded structure containing the cell's genetic material
• Chloroplast


  Green disc-shaped structure made of membranes and pigments, found in plant cells
• Lysosome


  Round structure containing enzymes that break down waste and foreign material
• Cytoplasm


  Jelly-like substance that fills the cell and allows materials to move through
• Cell membrane


  Flexible structure surrounding the cell that controls what goes in and out
• Endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands (including the adrenal medulla), pancreas, ovaries/testes, and pineal gland.

  
• Transcription and translation


  1. Transcription

  2. Translation

  3. Proteins are produced
• Transcription and translation are processed to make all the proteins the body needs to function
• DNA


  The building blocks of DNA and RNA
• Sequence of bases


  Codes for a piece of DNA that codes for a protein
• The completed protein is released from the ribosome
• Transcription and translation are the processes the body uses to function
• DNA replication


  1. Helicase

  2. Okazaki fragments

  3. DNA polymerase

  4. DNA ligase
• DNA replication


  • Continuously synthesises the leading and lagging strands
  • Removes RNA primers and fills the gaps
  • Relieves pressure and unwinds the DNA strands
• Single-stranded binding protein (SSB)


  Binds to single-stranded DNA to prevent it from reannealing
• Active transport


  1. Vesicle formation

  2. Exocytosis

  3. Endocytosis
• Structures W, X, Y and Z

  Work together in the production and transport of proteins
• Structure X is the endoplasmic reticulum where protein synthesis occurs
• The Golgi body (structure Y) is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles for transport
• Structure Z is the cell membrane which is responsible for moving molecules in and out of the cell
• Organelles work together for the cell to function
• Mutagen agents


  • Ionising radiation
  • Chemicals
  • Biological agents
• Cell membrane


  Selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
• Cell membrane


  • Allows nutrients to enter and waste to exit
  • Contains channel and carrier proteins for transport
• Passive transport


  Movement of materials across the membrane without expending energy
• Active transport


  Movement of materials across the membrane using energy
• Diffusion


  Movement of particles from high to low concentration without expending energy
• Diffusion is a dynamic state where molecules are constantly moving and colliding
• Diffusion can occur across the cell membrane for small, polar, hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules