GEOL 1 CHAPTER 6

• TUNNELING - must have been one of the earliest human construction activities
• UNDERGROUND SPACE - a naturall result of extension of tunneling technology ( it is to indicate excavated or natural openings beneath the ground surface for human activities)
• PRESSURE TUNNELS - occasionally fail
• OVERBREAK - used to denote the quantity of rock that is actually excavated beyond the design perimeter
• CONSTRUCTION METHODS - are as complex and varied as the imagination of the worldwide fraternity of specialists who work in underground construction
• GROUTING - a preferred method to counter the effects of excessive flow of water
• GROUNDWATER - the main souce of problem in tunnel construction
• WEATHERED ROCK - in situ weathering of bedrock is another problem which can lead to serious consequences if encountered in tunnel wok
• POTENTIAL PROBLEM - in all branches of civil engineering work, there are special geological problem in the use of the underground
• UNDERGROUND SPACES FOR HUMAN USE - the remarkable used for worked-out underground mining space in kansas city that such abandoned mines can be used for purposes other than bulk storage
• UNDERGROUND POWER STATIONS - are now a standard industrial design concept.
• SOFT-GROUND TUNNELS - generally excavated to the neat line of the drawings, and construction equipment (shield, lining plates, etc.)
• ROAD AND RAIL TUNNELS - often required lining to resist the pressure exerted by the host material
• TUNNEL ROOF - usually designed as semicirvu arches evern in high-quality rock
• ISAMBARD K. BRUNEL - he designed the box tunnel on the great western railway
• LINING DESIGN - a exercise in engineering judgment
• PRESSURE TUNNEL DESIGN - always present three separate problems
• UNDERWATER TUNNELS - always involve construction hazards, such an example is the almendares vehicular tunnel, connecting two populous residential districts of havana, cuba.
• ALPHINE TUNNELING - has given the engineering profession varied and invaluable experience sorely tested in complex geology
• ARCHEAN OR PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS- ONE OF THE OLDEST TYPES GEOLOGICALLY
• PALEOZOIC ROCKS - GEOLOGICALLY YOUNGER
• DR. BERKEY AND J.F SANBRORN - PRESENTED THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEER IN 1923
• GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY- FIRST UNDERWATER RAILWAY TUNNEL