Chapter 9

• What are electrolytes?

  dissolved substances that dissipate into charged ions
• Osmotic pressure keeps electrolytes in water, draws them towards the membrane
• Electrolytes enable nerves to respond to external stimuli.
• Increase flow of calcium ions from storage sites into muscle stimulates muscle contraction
• What is hyperkalemia?

  high potassium in blood, abnormal heart rhythm that results in heart attack or death
• What is the purpose of chloride?

  extracellular anion (-)
• Chloride helps in fluid balance, digestion, and nerve impulse
• Excess chloride can cause hypertension
• What is the purpose of phosphorous?

  intracellular anion (-)
• Hypertension is a chronic disease that causes high blood pressure, often without symptoms
• What does hypertension increase the chance of?

  heart disease, strike, kidney disease
• Hypertension treatments?

  medication, healthy life style
• What is a way to precent hypertension?

  regular blood pressure check
• Fluids dissolve and transport substances
• Fatty substances in the blood stream must be surroudned by water-soluable proteins to be transported
• Blood pressure rises as blood volume increases
• High blood pressure (hypertension) is a major risk for heart disease and stoke
• Low blood pressure can cause people to feel tired, confused, or dizzy
• What organs helps regulate blood volume?

  Kidneys
• Fluids help to maintain body temperature
• Sweating releases heat, water cools the skin from the blood
• distilled or purified water is not ok for drinking
• Sustained high heat makes the body REALLY HOT!!
• What are neuromuscular disorders?

  electrolyte imbalance that can alter nervous system and musce function
• Seizure: uncontrollable spasms
• Dehydration occurs when fluid loss exceeds fluid intake
• Dehydration comes from heavy exercise or high environmental temperatures
• Heat stroke comes from a failure of the bodys mechanism of heat regulation
• Heat stroke symptoms include rapid pulse, dry skin, high body temp, consciousness loss
• What is overhydration?

  water intoxification
• Kidneys retain to much water and can induce hyponatremia