Unit 5

• Bone growth in length


  Help of cartilages, endochondral growth
• Bone growth in width


  No help of cartilage
• Bone growth in length

  1. Epiphyseal plate

  2. Osteoblasts
• Endochondral growth is necessary for growth in length
• Calcium regulation


  • Low blood Ca2+
  • High blood Ca2+
  • Bring Ca2+ to blood
  • Bring Ca2+ to bone
• Osteogenesis or resorption


  Resorption, osteoclasts
• The vertebral column helps protect the spinal cord
• Regions of the vertebral column

  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
  • Coccygeal
• The 4 major curvatures of the back are: cervical and lumbar curvatures are posterior, thoracic and sacral curvatures are anterior
• The vertebral foramen contains the spinal cord
• The intervertebral foramen contains spinal nerves and blood vessels
• The thoracic cage consists of the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae
• Ribs


  • True ribs (1-7)
  • False ribs (8-12)
  • Vertebrosternal ribs
  • Vertebrochondral ribs
  • Floating ribs
• Endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands (including the adrenal medulla), pancreas, ovaries/testes, and pineal gland.
• The main function of the endocrine system is to secrete hormones into the bloodstream, which then travel throughout the body.
• Fill out the following chart
• Spongy bone


  • Location (Medullary cavity)
  • Structure (Trabeculae)
  • Function (Stress distribution, Flexibility)
• Dense compact bone


  Structure (Haversian systems)
• Concentric lamellae


  Layers of bone matrix arranged concentrically around a central canal
• Interstitial lamellae


  Layers of bone matrix found between the concentric lamellae
• Circumferential lamellae


  Layers of bone matrix found on the outer and inner surfaces of the bone
• Shapes of bone


  • Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
• Parts of long bone anatomy

  • Diaphysis (shaft)
  • Medullary cavity
  • Epiphysis
  • Epiphyseal plate
  • Articular cartilage
  • Periosteum
  • Endosteum
  • Perforating blood vessel
  • Central canal blood vessel
  • Medullary blood vessel
• Yellow bone marrow


  Found in the medullary cavity of adult bones, contains adipose tissue
• Red bone marrow


  Found in the medullary cavity of adult bones, contains hematopoietic tissue
• A human adult has 206 bones
• Axial skeleton


  Includes the skull, hyoid bone, auditory ossicles, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column
• Appendicular skeleton


  Includes the pectoral (shoulder) girdles, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs
• Sinus function


  Lighten the weight of the skull, warm and humidify air, and resonate sound
• Bone growth in length

  1. Cartilage

  2. Endochondral growth
• Bone growth in width


  No help from cartilage
• Endochondral growth is necessary for growth in length, as it helps cartilage
• Factors affecting bone remodeling

  • Low blood Ca2+
  • High blood Ca2+
• Goal of bone remodeling


  Maintain normal blood Ca2+ levels
• Mechanism of bone remodeling

  Osteogenesis (bone formation) or resorption, involving osteoblasts and osteoclasts
• Functions of the vertebral column

  • Support head
  • Protect spinal cord
  • Allow trunk movement
• Regions of the vertebral column

  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
  • Coccygeal
• The vertebral column has 4 major curvatures: cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, and sacral kyphosis
• The vertebral foramen contains the spinal cord
• The intervertebral foramen contains spinal nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue