unit: 5 Adolescence

• Adolescence


  Developmental transition between childhood and adulthood entailing major physical, cognitive, and psychological changes
• Physical Development (Puberty)


  1. Pubertal biological change

  2. Attainment of sexual maturity and ability to reproduce
• Adrenarche


  The maturing of the adrenal glands
• Hormonal Changes in Puberty

  • Increase in androgen
  • Increased metabolism, immune system, blood pressure response to stress
• Gonadarche


  The maturing of sex organs
• Primary sex characteristics


  Organs directly related to reproduction, which enlarge and mature during adolescence
• Secondary sex characteristics


  Physiological signs of sexual maturation (such as breast development & growth in body hair) that do not involve the sex organs
• Adolescent growth spurt


  Sharp increase in height and weight that precedes sexual maturity
• Spermarche


  Boy's first ejaculation
• Menarche

  Girl's First Menstruation
• Benefits of regular exercise


  • Improved strength and endurance
  • Healthier bones and muscles
  • Weight control
  • Reduced anxiety and stress
  • Increased self esteem, school grades, and well being
• Recommended sleep for adolescents

  13 to 18 should regularly sleep a minimum of 8 to 10 hours per 24-hour period
• Body Image


  Descriptive and evaluative beliefs about one's appearance
• Anorexia Nervosa


  Eating disorder characterized by self starvation
• Bulimia Nervosa


  Eating disorder in which a person regularly eats huge quantities of food and then purges the body by laxatives, induced vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise
• Binge Eating Disorder


  Eating disorder in which a person loses control over eating and binges huge quantities of food
• Binge drinking

  Consuming 5 or more drinks (for men) or 4 or more drinks (for women) on one occasion
• Marijuana


  Most widely used illicit drug in United States
• Across the world, depression is a leading cause of death and disability in teens
• Girls have a greater vulnerability

  To death in adolescence
• Causes of death in adolescence

  • Vehicle accidents
  • Suicide
  • Homicide
• Having a firearm

  Increases risk of suicide
• Adolescents

  Girls More likely to attempt suicide but tend to use less lethal methods such as suffocation or poisoning, making them more likely to survive
• Although boys are less likely to attempt suicide, their greater propensity to use firearms results in a higher chance of a successful attempt
• Formal operations


  Piaget's final stage of cognitive development, characterized by the ability to think abstractly
• Hypothetical deductive reasoning


  Ability, described by Piaget, to develop and test hypotheses
• By ages 16 to 18, the average young person knows approximately 80,000 words
• As children attain higher cognitive levels, they become capable of more complex reasoning about moral issues
• Adolescents attain moral development because of higher cognitive levels, they become capable of more complex reasoning about moral issues
• Prosocial moral reasoning


  is a reasoning about moral dilemmas in which one person's needs conflict with those of others in situations
• Kohlberg's 6 stages of  moral reasoning 


  Preconventional

  1 Orientation toward punishment and obedience 2. Instrumental purpose and exchange

  Conventional

  3. Mutual relations & approval of others

  4. Social concern nad conscience

  Post conventional

  5. Morality contract, of individual rights of democratically accepted law

  6. Universal principles
• Cosmic 


  7th stage of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg
• Self- efficacy


  Sense of one's capability to master challenges and achieve goals
• 6 influences on academic achievement 

  1 student motivation and self efficacy

  2 gender

  3 technological influences

  4 parent and peer influence

  5 race and ethnicity

  6 school
• Spill over effect


  Experiences in different context influence each other
• Identity vs identity confusion

  Erikson's psychosocial stage in adolescence
• Identity


  Erikson's definition of coherent conception of self
• Fidelity


   Sustained loyalty, faith, or sense of belonging that results from successful resolution of eriksons identity vs identity confusion
• James E. Marcia


  Distinguished 4 types of identity status
• Crisis and commitment 


  Element of identity status