PURCOM

• Brainstorming


  A tool for generating creative and rich ideas, establishing patterns of ideas, developing new ways of thinking, activating background knowledge, and overcoming mental block
• Methods in Brainstorming


  1. Making an idea list

  2. Creating an idea map
• Graphic Organizers


  Visual representations of concepts that help you structure information into organizational patterns. They present essential information and connect these pieces of information into a coherent framework.
• Types of Graphic Organizers

  • Venn Diagram
  • Network Tree
  • Spider Map
  • Problem-Solution Map
  • Timeline
  • Plot Diagram
  • Series of Events Chain
  • Fishbone Map
  • Cycle Map
  • Persuasion Map
• Types of Outlines


  • Decimal Outline
  • Alphanumeric Outline
  • Sentence Outline
  • Topic Outline
• Principles of Effective Writing

  • Organization
  • Cohesion and Coherence
  • Language Use
  • Mechanics
• Mechanics


  The technical aspect of writing, also known as mechanics, should not be overlooked when writing. It is characterized as a set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize a composition.
• Mechanics guidelines in academic and formal texts

  • Always use standard English
  • Avoid contractions
  • Avoid exclamation marks unless they are part of a direct quotation
  • Mention the dull name of an institution or organization with the acronym in parenthesis during the first mention
  • Spell out numbers from zero to ten and write in figures those that are higher than ten
  • Use proper citations when writing texts
• Compositions


  • Paragraph
  • Essay
• Parts of a Paragraph

  • Topic Sentence
  • Body
  • Closing Sentence
• Parts of an Essay

  • Introduction
  • Body
  • Conclusion
• Time-tested Principles in Writing

  • Use clear and concise sentences. On average, a sentence is 18 words long.
  • Avoid redundancies, wordiness, cliches, and hifalutin language.
  • Avoid excessive use of "there" and "it" structures.
  • Use precise vocabulary. Be accurate and condense lengthy phrases into fewer words.
  • Be consistent with your pronoun's point of view.
  • Avoid sexist language.
  • Use an appropriate level of formality. More formal texts use an academic tone while less formal ones usually use a personal or colloquial tone.
• Parts of a Resume

  • Personal Details
  • Career Objective/ Summary
  • Education
  • Work Experience
  • Additional Information
  • References
• Parts of an Application Letter

  • Heading
  • Date
  • Inside Address
  • Salutation
  • Body
  • Complimentary Close
  • Signature
• The usual margin is one inch on all sides, particularly letters of one page length.
• Short letters or articles of less than one page long have two-inch or one-and-a-half margins on the left and right sides.
• Margins may be justified or unjustified.
• Numbers are written as figures if they precede units of measurement.
• Numbers are written as words when they appear first in a sentence or direct speech.
• Types of Speaking Situations

  • Interactive
  • Partially-interactive
  • Non-interactive
• Examples of Interactive Speaking Situations

  • face-to-face conversations
  • telephone calls
  • group meetings
• Examples of Partially-interactive Speaking Situations

  • giving a speech to a large audience
• Examples of Non-interactive Speaking Situations

  • Radio/Television broadcast
• Types of Speech Styles

  • Intimate
  • Casual
  • Consultative
  • Formal
  • Frozen
• Examples of Consultative Speech Style

  • communication between teachers and students
  • communication between employers and employees
  • communication between doctors and patients
  • communication between judges and lawyers
  • communication between presidents
• Examples of Formal Speech Style


  • sermons of priests and ministers
  • the State of the Nation Address of the President
• Examples of Frozen Speech Style

  • the Preamble to the Constitution
  • the Lord's Prayer
  • Allegiance to country or flag
• Types of Speech According to Purposes

  • Exploratory/Informative Speech
  • Persuasive Speech
  • Entertainment Speech
• Public Speaking


  The process of communicating information to an audience through a structured, deliberate speech. It is a key skill in various domains, including education, business, politics, and entertainment.
• Methods of Delivery in Public Speaking

  • Impromptu
  • Extemporaneous
  • Manuscript
  • Memorized
• A public relations campaign involves planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating activities that aim to achieve specific objectives related to building positive relationships with stakeholders.