1A-8A

• Hydrogen


  • Colorless, Odorless and Tasteless
  • Electron configuration is 1s1 (similar to the electron configuration of group 1 elements)
  • Classified as a non-metal

  
• Group VI A: Chalcogen Family

  • Oxygen and sulfur are the typical elements
  • Oxygen, Sulfur and Selenium are non-metals while Tellurium and Polonium are metalloids

  
• Group VI A: Chalcogen Family


  • Sulfur and higher elements have oxidation states of 2-, 0, 2+, 4+ and 6+
  • Oxygen only exist in 2-, 1- and 0

  
• Oxygen


  Dephlogisticated air, Empyreal Air, Yne
• Oxygen


  • Exist as Diatomic molecule under ordinary conditions
  • Most abundant and essential of all elements

  
• Hydrogen (elemental form)


  • The elemental form of H is H2
  • H2 is small and non-polar so the H atoms can only attract each other through weak London Forces
  • No Neutrons
• Oxygen allotropes

  • Nascent O
  • Atmospheric/Molecular O2
  • Ozone O3

  
• Oxygen


  Therapeutic gas in the treatment of conditions involving hypoxia
• H is the most abundant element on the universe and accounts for 89% of all atoms
• Oxygen stored in ______ Container
• Most commercial H2 is obtained as a by product of petroleum refining
• Oxygen requirements


  • ANOXIC- low/inadequate oxygen tension in air
  • ANEMIC- lack of oxygen carriers/ hemoglobin
  • STAGNANT- lack of oxygen when blood circulation is retarded
  • HISTOTOXIC- lack of oxygen inside the cell resulting to interference in cell metabolism
• Sulfur


  Other Name: Brimstone, Shulbari (Used in Sanskrit), Asupre
• Hydrogen as a fuel source

  • Light (Low Density)
  • Clean burning
  • Plenty of abundant H in water
• Sulfur


  • Occurs in free state and in combination mainly as sulfides and sulfates
• Hydrogen


  • Hydrogen can form both cation (H+) and anion (H-)
  • Hydrogen has an intermediate electronegativity
  • Forms covalent bonds with both non metals and metalloids
  • Produces water when burned with oxygen

  
• Pharmaceutical forms of Sulfur


  • PRECIPITATED SULFUR
  • SUBLIMED SULFUR
  • WASHED SULFUR
  • Milk of Sulfur, Lac Sulfur
  • Flowers of Sulfur
• Precipitated Sulfur


  Very fine, Pale Yellow, amorphous or microcrystalline powder, odorless and tasteless
• Sublimed Sulfur


  Fine, Yellow Crystalline Powder with faint odor and taste
• Hydrogen is the third most abundant element in earth's crust in combination with other elements
• Washed Sulfur


  Fine, Yellow Crystalline Powder with faint odor and taste
• Hydrogen is produced by the process of Lindé method
• Precipitated Sulfur


  Used in ointments and lotions
• Sublimed Sulfur


  Used as cathartic (irritant laxative)
• Uses of Hydrogen


  • Inflating balloons
  • Welding torches (H burns with oxygen and produces high temperature)
  • Used in Haber Process (Nitrogen Fixation) for the production of Ammonia
• Washed Sulfur


  Used in Tx of scabicide and keratolytic
• Alkali Metals (Group 1A)


  • The melting point, boiling point and densities of 1A metals are low and they are generally a soft metal
  • Outer shell contains only one s electron
• Alkali Metals (Group 1A)


  • Very active metals, increases activity as atomic weight increases
  • Never found in nature in free state
  • Readily reacts with water and forms hydroxides that are strongly basic except LiOH
  • Upon reaction with oxygen, lithium forms the normal oxide (Li2O), sodium forms peroxides (Na2O2) and potassium, rubidium and cesium form superoxides (MO2)
  • Reacts with hydrogen to form hydrides and with HALOGENS, to form halides
  • All salts of alkali metals are water soluble
• GENERAL RULE: SALTS OF ALKALI METAL ARE MORE SOLUBLE THAN ANY SALTS OF ANY PERIODIC GROUP (with exception to Li)
• Lithium (Group 1A)


  • Earth stone, "Lithos"
  • Lightest of all metals
  • Bridge Element: Magnesium
• Lithium (Group 1A)


  • Lithium differs slightly from other element in the group
  • Small size of the Li cation: Strong polarizing power, Forms bond with highly covalent character
  • Anode (+) in Battery due to ease of oxidation
  • Heat exchanger in air conditioner
  • For Mania, Depressant effect and diuretic
• Selenium


  • Toxic in large doses
  • Prolonged contact with skin results to contact dermatitis
  • Important trace elements
  • Absorbed very slowly in the skin
  • Promotes absorption of vitamin E
  • From the Greek word Selene meaning Moon
• Sodium (Group 1A)


  • From the word "Natrium" meaning nature
  • Cation of choice to optimize pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments
  • MOST abundant extracellular cation (PISO)
• Sir Humpry Davy discovered Na using electrolysis
• Halogens


  The word HALOGEN was derived from two Greek roots "hal" meaning "salt" and "gen" meaning "forming"
• Sodium (Group 1A)


  • Used for the treatment (with caution) of cardiac and renal condition
  • Responsible for FLUID RETENTION
  • Nerve impulse transmission
  • Maintain osmolarity
  • Soft metal with wax like consistency at room temperature that can be cut with a knife
  • Reacts violently with water, store under: _______________
• Potassium (Group 1A)


  • Most Abundant Intracellular Cation (PISO)
  • For Muscular Contraction
  • Diuretic effect
  • "Kalium"

  
• Sir Humpry Davy discovered K using electrolysis
• Halogens


  • Most active family in the non-metals due to their position in the periodic table next to noble gases
  • In free state, elements exists as diatomic molecules

  
• Potassium (Group 1A)


  • Deficiency State: Hypokalemia: Due to severe burns, diarrhea, and other causes, S/Sx: Muscle weakness and Muscle Paralysis
  • Hyperkalemia: Arrythmia