B3a

• What are the human body's non-specific defenses against pathogens?

  Several ways to prevent disease
• What is the definition of health?

  State of physical and mental wellbeing
• What can cause ill health besides disease?

  Poor diet, stress, and life situations
• What is a disease?

  A major cause of ill health
• What is a communicable disease?

  A disease passed between organisms
• What is a non-communicable disease?

  A disease that cannot be spread
• What are antigens?

  Surface proteins on pathogens
• What is a pathogen?

  Microorganisms causing infectious diseases
• What are white blood cells?

  Cells involved in the immune system
• How do viruses reproduce in the body?

  They live and reproduce inside cells
• What are the symptoms of measles?

  Fever and red skin rash
• How is measles transmitted?

  Droplet inhalation from coughs and sneezes
• How can measles be prevented?

  Vaccination as a child
• What are the initial symptoms of HIV?

  Flu-like symptoms
• How is HIV transmitted?

  Sexual contact and bodily fluids
• How can HIV be managed?

  Anti-retroviral drugs and condoms
• What is the effect of Tobacco Mosaic Virus on plants?

  Mosaic pattern of discolouration on leaves
• How is Tobacco Mosaic Virus spread?

  Via gardening tools or workers' hands
• How can the spread of Tobacco Mosaic Virus be prevented?

  Remove infected leaves and clean tools
• What are the symptoms of Salmonella food poisoning?

  Fever, cramp, vomiting, and diarrhea
• How is Salmonella transmitted?

  Food prepared in unhygienic conditions
• How can the spread of Salmonella be prevented?

  Improve food hygiene and cook food
• What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

  Green discharge and pain when urinating
• How is Gonorrhoea transmitted?

  Direct sexual contact and bodily fluids
• How can Gonorrhoea be treated?

  Using antibiotics
• What are the symptoms of Malaria?

  Recurrent fever
• How is Malaria transmitted?

  By animal vector - mosquitoes
• How can the spread of Malaria be prevented?

  Prevent breeding of mosquitoes and use nets
• What are the symptoms of Rose Black Spot?

  Purple/black spots on leaves
• How is Rose Black Spot transmitted?

  Spores carried by wind or water
• How can the spread of Rose Black Spot be prevented?

  Remove infected leaves and spray fungicides
• What is the pH of stomach acid?

  pH 2
• How does stomach acid help the body?

  Kills most pathogens in food and drink
• What is the role of skin in the immune system?

  Physical, waterproof barrier against pathogens
• How do nasal hairs and mucus protect the body?

  Prevent pathogens entering through nostrils
• What is the function of cilia in the trachea and bronchi?

  Waft mucus up the throat to be swallowed
• How do defects in the immune system affect disease susceptibility?

  Increase likelihood of infectious diseases
• How can viruses trigger cancers?

  By living in cells and causing mutations
• How can immune reactions lead to allergies?

  By triggering reactions like skin rashes
• How can severe physical ill health impact mental health?

  Can lead to depression and mental illness