anatomy

• Human body's distinctive characteristics

  • Backbone
  • Bisymmetry
  • Body cavities
  • 11 major organ systems

  
• Anatomy


  Study of the structure of an organism
• Physiology


  Study of how the body functions
• Pathophysiology


  Study of disease and how it affects the body
• Anatomic regions


  • Head and neck
  • Upper torso
  • Lower torso
  • Back
  • Upper extremities
  • Lower extremities
  • Hands and feet
• Directional terms and surface regions

  • Right/left
  • Lateral/medial
  • Superior/inferior
  • Anterior/posterior
  • Ventral/dorsal
  • Proximal/distal
  • Palmar/plantar
• Frontal (Coronal) section


  Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior)
• Sagittal section


  Divides the body into left and right
• Transverse(Horizontal) section


  Divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior)
• Lateral


  Farther away from the midline of the body
• Medial


  Closer to the midline of the body
• Body cavities


  • Ventral(Anterior)
  • Thoracic cavity
  • Abdominal cavity
  • Pelvic cavity
  • Dorsal(Posterior)
  • Cranial
  • Spinal

  
• Structural organization levels


  • Atoms
  • Molecules (chemical constituents)
  • Small structures in cells or organelles
  • Cells (basic living unit of all plants and animals)
  • Tissues (groups of similar cells)
  • Organs (two or more tissues)
  • Organ systems (groups of organs)
  • The organism (human body)
• Homeostasis


  The steady state, body strives for a balanced state
• Homeostasis allows the body to stay in balance by compensating with changes
• All 11 systems work together to promote homeostasis, not one system works independently
• Catabolism


  Changes complex substances into simpler ones, "Destructive process", Releases energy, Provides energy for all body functions
• Anabolism


  Conversion of simple compounds into complex substances, "Constructive process"
• 11 body systems


  • Integumentary system (skin)
  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular system
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
  • Lymphatic system
  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Urinary system
  • Reproductive system
  • Circulatory system
• Integumentary system


  • Protects underlying tissues
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Receives sensory stimuli such as touch, pressure, temperature and pain
  • Prevents water loss
  • Eliminates some wastes
• Integumentary system components


  • Skin
  • Sweat and oil glands
  • Fingernails
  • Hair
  • Fascia
• Fascia compartments locally restrict the spread of infections or tumors
• Skeletal system components


  • Bones
  • Cartilage
  • Tendons
  • Ligaments
  • Joints
• There are 206 bones in the human body

  
• Skeletal system functions


  • Provides support
  • Protects organs
  • Allows for leverage and movement
  • Stores minerals
  • Hematopoiesis: blood cell formation

  
• Bones of the upper extremity

  • Humerus
  • Ulna
  • Radius
  • Carpals (8)
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges

  
• Vertebrae


  • Cervical (7)
  • Thoracic (12)
  • Lumbar (5)
  • Sacral (5)
  • Coccyx
• Muscular system components


  • Skeletal muscle (voluntary muscle)
  • Cardiac muscle (heart)
  • Smooth muscle (walls of hollow organs)
• There are more than 400 muscles in humans
• Glycogen


  The form of stored glucose that muscles use for energy
• Muscular system functions


  • Permits movement
  • Produces heat
  • Maintains posture
• Cardiac muscle


  Specially adapted involuntary muscle, Can initiate its own electrical impulses
• Types of muscle


  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
• Nervous system components


  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Nerves
  • Neurons (cells of nervous system)
  • Meninges and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
  • Sense organs including the eyes, ears, tongue, and sensory receptors in the skin
• Nervous system divisions


  • Central
  • Peripheral
  • Somatic
  • Autonomic
• Nervous system functions


  • Allows communication throughout the body and regulates body functions
  • Directs sensations (pain, pressure)
  • Controls movements and physiological functions
  • Controls intellectual processes
• Respiratory system components


  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
• Respiratory system functions


  • Filters air
  • Gas exchange, Supplies O₂ and removes CO₂
  • Helps regulate blood pH
  • Protects vocal cords
• pH


  Measure of how acidic or alkaline a substance is, Scale is 0-14, 7 is neutral
• Acidosis


  pH is below 7