Science cells

• Cells


  Basic unit of life
• Cytoplasm


  Part that holds organelles, most cell activities take place
• Cell membrane


  Surrounds the cytoplasm, decides what materials should be kept in and out of the cell
• Nucleus


  The "brain of the cell"
• Chromosomes


  Threadlike materials that hold the organism's genetic material called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Centriole


  Made up of cylinder microtubule pairs, helps in the formation of spindle fibers
• Centromere


  Part of the chromosome, specialized DNA sequence responsible for movement of the replicated chromosome in two daughter cells during cell division
• Cytoskeleton


  Network of fine filaments, gives shape to the cell, supports and facilitates movement through its components (microfilament, intermediate filament, and microtubules)
• Ribosome


  Produces or synthesizes proteins
• Nucleolus


  Produces and assembles the cell's ribosomes
• Prokaryotes


  Mostly unicellular, consist of only one cell
• Eukaryotes


  Mostly multicellular organisms, consist of multiple number of cells
• Binary fission


  Type of asexual reproduction
• Gametes


  Used during sexual reproduction
• Cell cycle


  Ordered cycle of cell growth, DNA replication, and cell divisions that leads to the formation of two daughter cells
• Cytokinesis


  Cell division that leads to the eventual division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two new cells
• Interphase


  The non-dividing phase, serves as the "resting stage"
• Gap 1 (G1 phase)


  Primary growth phase of the cell, cell carries out its normal functions and increases in size in preparation for cell division, production of RNA, and protein creation
• Synthesis (S phase)


  DNA replication occurs, duplicated chromosomes result in sister chromatids and two other materials called histones and nucleosome
• Gap 2 (G2 phase)


  Cell continues to carry out its usual functions, to grow, and to produce new proteins, another checkpoint to ensure the cell can proceed to cell division or mitosis
• Gap 0 (G0 phase)


  Cells stop dividing and leave the cycle as early as in G1, can be temporary or permanent, cells in this phase are still functioning but have reached the end stage of their development and will no longer divide
• The completion of the whole cell cycle depends on the type of cell, cells divide differently
• Interphase takes a longer time to finish compared to cell division
• Mitosis


  Type of cell division of the nucleus that takes place in somatic or body cells
• Meiosis

  Type of cell division that involves four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
• Cytokinesis


  Division of the cytoplasm, occurs differently in plant and animal cells but still produces daughter cells
• Mitosis and cytokinesis are stages in the cell cycle
• Mitosis is important for reproduction, growth, and development
• Interphase


  Cell grows, organelles double in number, DNA and centriole replicate, protein synthesis occurs
• Chromatin


  Thin, uncoiled, fibrous DNA structures in the nucleus, DNA wraps around histone protein to form nucleosomes
• Chromosomes


  Coiled structures visible during cell division, each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere
• Telomeres


  Distinctive caps at the end of each strand of DNA that protect the chromosomes
• DNA


  Long, double helix strands made up of four building blocks called nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)
• Genes


  Short pieces of DNA that carry specific genetic information
• DNA replication


  Happens during the S phase of the interphase, instigated by enzymes like DNA polymerases, each strand of the DNA double helix acts as a template for the new set of chain