STSS

• Renaissance


  A significant cultural, artistic, and intellectual revival in Europe that lasted roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, originating in Italy
• Renaissance


  • Resurgence of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, art, and philosophy
  • Humanism emerged as a central intellectual movement, emphasizing the importance of human potential, reason, and individualism
  • Art flourished with prominent figures like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael producing masterpieces
• Renaissance


  • The printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century, played a crucial role in the spread of ideas and knowledge
  • Significant advancements in science, mathematics, and astronomy, challenging medieval views and paving the way for the Scientific Revolution
  • Italian city-states became centers of cultural exchange and patronage, supporting artists, scholars, and thinkers
  • The Renaissance spread throughout Europe, influencing literature, music, politics, and religion
• Renaissance


  • The Protestant Reformation, initiated by Martin Luther in the early 16th century, challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and contributed to religious and political upheaval
  • The end of the Renaissance is often associated with the rise of Baroque art and the beginning of the Early Modern period in the late 16th and early 17th centuries
• Scientific Shift during the Renaissance


  • Revival of Classical Knowledge: Renaissance scholars rediscovered ancient Greek and Roman texts, including works by Aristotle, Euclid, Ptolemy, and others
  • Observational Science: Increased emphasis on empirical observation and experimentation, with scholars like Leonardo da Vinci conducting detailed anatomical studies and making observations of nature
• Scientific Shift during the Renaissance

  • Advancements in Astronomy: Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, challenging the geocentric view, laying the groundwork for later advancements by astronomers like Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei
  • Mathematical Innovations: Mathematicians such as Leonardo Fibonacci and Niccolò Tartaglia made significant contributions, with Fibonacci introducing Hindu-Arabic numerals to Europe and Tartaglia working on solving cubic equations
• Scientific Shift during the Renaissance


  • Medical Progress: Renaissance physicians, including Andreas Vesalius and Paracelsus, made significant advances in anatomy, pharmacology, and medical practices
  • Technological Innovation: Inventions such as the printing press, developed by Johannes Gutenberg, facilitated the dissemination of scientific knowledge
• Scientific Inventions during the Renaissance

  • Printing Press
  • Telescope
  • Microscope
  • Thermometer
  • Barometer
  • Blast furnace
  • Canals for inland transport
  • Maritime transport (Masts, sails and sternpost rudders)
  • Navigation and voyages (mariner's compass, quadrant and forestaff)
  • Wheel barrow and wooden tracks for mining (led to the development of railway transportation)
• Industrial Revolution


  A significant shift from agrarian and handicraft-based economies to industrialized, machine-driven manufacturing processes that began in the late 18th century in Britain and later spread to other parts of Europe, North America, and eventually the world
• Industrial Revolution


  • The invention and widespread adoption of steam power, particularly the steam engine developed by James Watt, played a central role in powering factories, locomotives, and other machinery
  • Innovations in textile manufacturing, such as the spinning jenny and the power loom, revolutionized the textile industry, leading to mass production and lower prices for textiles
  • The use of iron and steel in construction and machinery increased dramatically, facilitated by innovations like the Bessemer process for mass-producing steel
  • Urbanization accelerated as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of employment in factories, leading to the growth of large industrial cities and the development of new social and economic structures
  • The Industrial Revolution had profound social and economic impacts, including the rise of capitalism, the emergence of the working class, and significant shifts in social hierarchies
• Industrial Revolution


  • The Industrial Revolution spurred advancements in transportation and communication, including the development of railroads, steamships, and the telegraph, which facilitated trade and globalization
  • The Industrial Revolution laid the foundation for modern industrial societies and transformed economies, societies, and daily life in ways that continue to influence the world today
• Arnold Toynbee


  Popularized the term "Industrial Revolution"
• Iron and Steel Industry

  • Tobern Bergman, a Swedish metallurgist, discovered the important role of carbon in steel in 1750
  • Henry Bessemer and William Kelly improved the methods of manufacturing steel from iron
  • Robert Mushet discovered an alloy of iron that combined carbon and manganese with the formed iron
• Textile Industry


  • John Kay invented the flying shuttle to increase the output for yarn
  • James Hargreaves in 1964 invented the spinning jenny also called Saxon Wheel
  • Richard Arkwright patented a textile machine powered by water and not by hand called the water frame
  • Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule, which combines the features of the spinning jenny and water frame
  • Edmund Cartwright in 1787 invented the power loom for spinning and weaving to increase the production of cotton from plantations in England
  • Eli Whitney invented a machine called the cotton gin and multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned, which increase the production of cotton for textiles
  • Thomas Saint, a cabinet maker, submitted a patent for a mechanized sewing machine in 1970
  • Barthelemy Thimonnier, a French tailor, invented the chain stitch machine in 1829
• Transportation Industry


  • Thomas Newcomen, an Englishman, first developed the steam engine with the goal of developing an engine that would prevent flooding in the Cornwall mines
  • James Watt in 1765 perfected and patented the steam engine that produced the needed power without consuming too much fuel
  • Matthew Boulton, an industrialist, became interested in the invention and partnered with Watt
  • Richard Trevithick developed the first locomotive, an engine or rail transport vehicle named New Castle
  • George Stephenson, considered the "Father of Railways," designed an effective locomotive called the Blucher that was used to tow coal in Northumberland in England
• Charles-Augustin de Coulomb


  Made noteworthy progress in the field of physical science when he published a series of studies on electrodynamics, which later culminated into Coulomb's Law
• Joseph Priestley


  Best known for his discovery of oxygen gas in 1774, which laid the foundation for our modern understanding of gases and revolutionized chemistry
• Antoine Lavoisier


  An 18th-century French chemist who made several groundbreaking contributions to the field of chemistry, including demonstrating that combustion occurs by the combination of a substance with oxygen from the air, and being dubbed the "Father of Modern Chemistry" for his work on the Law of Conservation of Mass
• John Dalton


  An English chemist and physicist who made notable contributions to the fields of chemistry and atomic theory, including the development of the atomic theory proposing that all matter is composed of indivisible particles called atoms
• Hans Christian Oersted


  A Danish physicist and chemist who made a notable contribution to the field of electromagnetism with his discovery of electromagnetism in 1820
• Michael Faraday


  A British scientist who made numerous notable contributions to physics and chemistry, including constructing the first crude electric motor in 1821 and experimenting with electromagnetic induction in 1831
• James Clerk Maxwell


  A Scottish physicist who made several notable contributions to the field of theoretical physics, particularly in the study of electromagnetism and the kinetic theory of gases, including proposing that light is an electromagnetic radiation phenomenon
• George Johnstone Stoney


  An Irish physicist who introduced the concept of the "electron" in 1874, decades before its discovery by J.J. Thomson, proposing that electricity is quantized and consists of elementary units or "atoms" of electricity
• William Crookes


  A British chemist and physicist who invented the Crookes tube, a partially evacuated glass tube with electrodes that emit cathode rays when a high voltage is applied across them, laying the groundwork for the discovery of electrons and the development of cathode ray tubes
• Eugen Goldstein


  A German physicist who made a notable contribution to the understanding of atomic structure and the discovery of subatomic particles, best known for his discovery of the proton
• Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen


  A German physicist who made one of the most groundbreaking discoveries in the history of science, discovering X-rays in 1895 while conducting experiments with cathode ray tubes
• Henri Becquerel


  A French physicist who made a notable contribution to the field of physics with the discovery of radioactivity in 1896
• Marie Curie


  A Polish-born physicist and chemist who made several notable contributions to science, particularly in the field of radioactivity, including the discovery of the elements polonium and radium
• Alexander Graham Bell


  A Scottish-born inventor, scientist, and educator who made several notable contributions, with his most famous invention being the telephone in 1876
• Carolus Linnaeus


  An 18th-century Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist who developed the system of binomial nomenclature, which is still used today to name and classify organisms
• James Hutton


  An 18th-century Scottish geologist and naturalist who made several notable contributions to the field of geology and earth sciences, laying the foundation for modern earth sciences and revolutionizing our understanding of the Earth's history and processes
• Georges Cuvier


  A French naturalist and paleontologist who proposed the Theory of Catastrophism, which suggested that Earth's geological features and fossil record were shaped by sudden, catastrophic events
• Charles Lyell


  A Scottish geologist of the 19th century who is best known for
• Binomial nomenclature


  System used today to name and classify organisms, where each species is given a two-part Latin name consisting of its genus and species epithet (e.g., Homo sapiens for humans)
• Linnaeus's systematic approach to naming and categorizing organisms

  • Provided a standardized framework for biological classification
  • Helped organize the vast diversity of life on Earth