Ps2

• Bureaucracy refers to the ideal organization for government with a structured hierarchy of offices and competent and professional staff vested with authority to undertake defined tasks guided by a set of rules and procedures
• Public Administration


  The system of structures, functions, and processes in the government's bureaucracy, particularly in the executive branch, engaged in the main function of policy implementation, and delivery of goods and services
• Essential Concepts and Features for Evaluating Philippine Bureaucracy and Public Management

  • Democracy
  • Decentralization
  • Governance
  • Development
• Democracy


  A system of government in which power and authority are vested in the hands of the people, either directly or through elected representatives. Citizens have the ability to participate in the decision-making processes of the state and influence the laws, policies, and actions of the government
• Decentralization


  The transfer of administrative responsibilities from national to regional and satellite offices, and the transfer of political powers from national government to local government
• Governance


  The participation of power in society by various groups, including the state, civil society, and market or private business or actors
• Development Administration


  The effort of the state in transitioning to higher levels of political, economic, and social conditions
• Spanish colonial rule was characterized by a highly centralized bureaucracy, authoritarian nature, and absence of democracy
• Bureaucracy 


  ideal organization for government with a structured
• The American administration introduced measures to address public health, sanitation, and education, laying the groundwork for development administration efforts in the Philippines
• There were active resistance movements in the Philippines, such as the HUKBALAHAP, which opposed Japanese rule and worked toward the restoration of Philippine independence
• Public Administration

  ideal organization for government with a structured
• Cronyism and patronage

  Expansion of the bureaucracy provided opportunities for President Marcos and his allies to appoint loyal supporters to key government positions
• Political repression


  Political opponents, activists, and media outlets critical of the government were subject to repression, censorship, and intimidation
• Securitization of the bureaucracy

  Regime expanded the security apparatus and integrated it into the bureaucracy to maintain control and suppress political opposition
• Propaganda and information control

  Bureaucracy included agencies responsible for propaganda, censorship, and controlling information
• Electoral politics


  Philippines continued to hold regular elections, but challenges such as vote-buying and political dynasties persisted
• Lack of institutional capacity

  Bureaucracy lacked the capacity to effectively implement reforms and address pressing issues
• Political patronage


  Government positions often filled based on political connections rather than merit, hampering professionalism and efficiency
• Bureaucratic inefficiency


  Delays in decision-making and implementation of government programs were common
• Resurgence of political dynasties

  Despite the restoration of democracy, political dynasties continued to wield significant influence in local governments
• Key issues of the modern-day bureaucracy in the Philippines

  • Corruption
  • Bureaucratic red tape
  • Political patronage
  • Limited accountability
  • Conflict of interest
  • Decentralization challenges
  • Security issues
  • Overlapping mandates
• Bureaucracy


  The ideal organization for government with a structured hierarchy of offices and competent and professional staff vested with authority to undertake defined tasks guided by a set of rules and procedures
• Public Administration


  The system of structures, functions, and processes in the government's bureaucracy, particularly in the executive branch; engaged in the main function of policy implementation, and delivery of goods and services
• Essential Concepts and Features for Evaluating Philippine Bureaucracy and Public Management

  • Democracy
  • Decentralization
  • Governance
  • Development
• Democracy


  A system of government in which power and authority are vested in the hands of the people, either directly or through elected representatives. Citizens have the ability to participate in the decision-making processes of the state and influence the laws, policies, and actions of the government
• Decentralization


  The transfer of administrative responsibilities from national to regional and satellite offices, and the transfer of political powers from national government to local government
• Governance


  The participation of power in society by various groups, including the state, civil society, and market or private business or actors
• Development Administratransitioning to higher levels

  Development Administrationransitioning to higher levelsls
• Spanish colonial rule was characterized by a highly centralized bureaucracy. All significant decisions and policies were made in Spain, with very limited local autonomy
• The Spanish colonial government was authoritarian in nature. It exercised strict control over the Philippine archipelago and its inhabitants, often through oppressive measures
• There was no democratic system in place during the Spanish occupation. Filipinos had little representation in the government, and limited form of suffrage
• Encomienda System


  A Spanish labor system in which the Spanish monarch awarded Spaniards with the labor of non-Christian people
• The Spanish administration primarily focused on the extraction of resources and wealth from the Philippines for the benefit of the Spanish Crown, rather than fostering development or improving the well-being of the local population
• There was a lack of transparency and accountability in governance, as colonial authorities were often not held accountable for their actions
• Filipinos had no meaningful participation in the decision-making process or government affairs. Local leaders had limited power and were often subject to Spanish control
• The Spanish government prioritized the exploitation of the Philippines' resources, including valuable commodities like spices, precious metals, and agriculture, to support the Spanish Empire's interests
• There was no significant decentralization or local autonomy during the Spanish colonial period. All significant decisions and policies were made by the Spanish colonial administration
• The American colonial administration introduced democratic institutions and practices in the Philippines, including the establishment of a civil government with elected officials and representation in the legislature
• The American colonial period saw the development of local governance structures, with municipal and provincial governments established, providing Filipinos with opportunities for participation in local administration